The Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 3 Modified Version: Approbation and Validation on the Russian Sample
Gerasimova A.A., student, Faculty of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology & Education, Moscow, Russia, gerasimova_a@yahoo.com Kholmogorova A.B., Doctor in Psychology, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychological Counseling, MSUPE, Moscow, Russia, kholmogorova@yandex.ru
The present study introduces the third version of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale which takes into account the current tendencies in internet use and is based on the second revised version of the scale (GPIUS2, Caplan, 2010). The research was carried out online among Android OS users. The factor structure was verified on a sample of 204 persons (102 males and 102 females) aged from 14 to 21 years (M=17,34; SD=2). Convergent and intercorrelation validity was verified on samples of 1100 and 707 persons respectively, the majority of respondents were females. The factor structure of the scale was verified by means of confirmatory factor analysis. A relationship between problematic internet use with psychopathological symptoms and gender was found. Girls are more likely to prefer online communication and are more compulsive and cognitively preoccupied with life in the network compared to boys, but are less likely to use the network as a way of mood regulation. The overall results confirm that the scale is an adequate measure of problematic internet use among adolescents and young adults.
Keywords: problematic internet use, internet addiction, gender, psychopathology, GPIUS2, validation, adolescents, young adults
Voiskunskii A.E., Mitina O.V., Guseinova A.A. Diagnostika
zavisimosti ot interneta: sravnenie metodicheskikh sredstv [Elektronnyi resurs]
[Measurement of Internet addiction: comparison of diagnostic methods].
Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii [Medical Psychology in
Russia], 2015. Vol. 4 (33). Available at: http://mprj.ru/
archiv_global/2015_4_33/nomer12.php. (Accessed 18.07.2018).
Ermolova T.V., Litvinov A.V., Florova N.B. Komp’yuternaya
zavisimost’ i komp’yuternaya gramotnost’: dve storony edinogo protsessa
[Computer addiction and computer literacy: two sides of the same process].
Sovremennaya zarubezhnaya psikhologiya [Journal of Modern Foreign
Psychology], 2017. Vol. 6 (4), pp. 46—55. doi:10.17759/jmfp.2017060405 (In
Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
Kryukova T.L. Psikhologiya sovladayushchego povedeniya v
raznye periody zhizni [Psychology of coping behavior in different periods of
life]. Kostroma: Publ. KGU im. N.A. Nekrasova, 2010. 380 p.
Malygin V.L., Feklisov K.A. Internet-zavisimoe povedenie.
Kriterii i metody diagnostiki [Elektronnyi resurs] [Internet Addiction
Behavior. Criteria And Methods of Diagnostics]. Moscow: MGMSU, 2011. 32 p.
Available at: http://www.medpsy. ru/library/library135.pdf. (Accessed
18.07.2018).
Tarabrina N.V. Praktikum po psikhologii
posttravmaticheskogo stressa [Manual on the psychology of post-traumatic
stress]. Saint Petersburg: Piter, 2001. 272 p.
Kholmogorova A.B., Klimenkova E.N. Obshchenie v Internete
i empatiya v podrostkovom i yunosheskom vozrastakh [Internet Communication and
Empathy in Adolescence and Early Adulthood]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i
obrazovanie PSYEDU.ru [ Psychological Science and Education
PSYEDU.ru], 2016. Vol. 8 (4), pp. 129—141. doi: 10.17759/psyedu.2016080413.
(In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
Kholmogorova A.B., Avakyan T.V., Klimenkova E.N.,
Malyukova D.A. Obshchenie v internete i sotsial’naya trevozhnost’ u podrostkov
iz raznykh sotsial’nykh grupp [Internet communication and social anxiety among
different social groups of adolescents]. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i
psikhoterapiya [Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy], 2015. Vol.
23 (4), pp. 102—129. doi:10.17759/cpp.2015230407. (In Russ., аbstr. in
Engl.).
Assunção S., Matos P.M. The Generalized Problematic
Internet Use Scale 2: Validation and test of the model to Facebook use.
Journal of Adolescence, 2017. Vol. 54, pp. 51—59.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.007
Barke A., Nyenhuis N., Kröner-Herwig B. The German version
of the Generalized Pathological Internet Use Scale 2: a validation study.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2014. Vol. 17 (7), pp.
474—482. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0706
Baumer E.P.S., Guha S., Quan E., Mimno D., Gay G. K.
Missing Photos, Suffering Withdrawal, or Finding Freedom? How Experiences of
Social Media Non-Use Influence the Likelihood of Reversion. Social Media +
Society, 2015. Vol. 1 (2). Available at:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2056305115614851?
width=921.6&height=921.6&TB_iframe=true (Aссessed: 10.08.2018).
doi:10.1177/2056305115614851
Caplan S.E. Problematic Internet use and psychosocial
well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive—behavioral measurement
instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 2002. Vol. 18, pp. 553—575.
doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3
Caplan S.E. Relations Among Loneliness, Social Anxiety,
and Problematic Internet Use. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 2007. Vol.
10 (2), pp. 234—242. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
Caplan S.E. Theory and measurement of generalized
problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human
Behavior, 2010. Vol. 26 (5), pp. 1089— 1097.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
Casale S., Lecchi S., Fioravanti G. The Association
Between Psychological Well- Being and Problematic Use of Internet Communicative
Services Among Young People. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary
and Applied, 2015. Vol. 149 (5), pp. 480—497.
doi:10.1080/00223980.2014.905432
Cheung G.W., Rensvold B. Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit
Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation
Modeling, 2002. Vol. 9 (2), pp. 233— 255.
doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM09025
Dalal P.K., Basu D. Twenty years of Internet addiction …
Quo Vadis? Indian Journal Psychiatry, 2016. Vol. 56 (1), pp. 6—11.
doi:10.4103/0019-5545.174354
Davis R.A. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological
Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 2001. Vol. 17 (2), pp.
187—195. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
Demetrovics Z., Király O. Internet/gaming addiction is
more than heavy use over time: Commentary on Baggio and colleagues (2015).
Addiction, 2016. Vol. 111 (3), pp. 523—524. doi:10.1111/add.13244
Demetrovics Z., Maraz A., Király O. Commentary on: Are we
overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction
research. The diagnostic pitfalls of surveys: If you score positive on a test
of addiction, you still have a good chance not to be addicted. Journal of
Behavioral Addictions, 2015. Vol. 4 (3), pp. 151—154.
doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.026
Fioravanti G., Primi C., Casale S. Psychometric Evaluation
of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 in an Italian Sample.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2013. Vol. 16 (10),
pp. 761—766. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0429
Francisco V. ‘The Internet Is Magic’: Technology, Intimacy
and Transnational Families. Critical Sociology, 2015. Vol. 41 (1), pp.
173—190. doi:10.1177/0896920513484602
Grant J.E., Chamberlain S. Expanding the definition of
addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD- 11. CNS Spectrums. 2016. Vol. 21 (4), pp.
300—303. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000183
Griffiths M.D. Does internet and computer “addiction”
exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 2000.
Vol. 3 (2), pp. 211—218. doi:10.1089/109493100316067
Griffiths M.D., Pontes M.H., Szabo A. The impact of
Internet-based specific activities on the perceptions of Internet addiction,
quality of life, and excessive usage: A cross-sectional study. Addictive
Behaviors Reports, 2016. Vol. 1, pp. 19—25.
doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.03.002
Hahn E., Reuter M., Spinatha F.M, Montag C. Internet
addiction and its facets: The role of genetics and the relation to
self-directedness. Addictive Behaviors, 2017. Vol. 39, pp. 137—146.
doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.018
Hormes J.M., Kearns B., Timko C.A. Craving Facebook?
Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with
emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 2014. Vol. 109 (12), pp.
2079—2088. doi:10.1111/add.12713
Hwang K.O., Ottenbacher A.J., Green A.P., Cannon-Diehl
M.R., Richardson O., Bernstam E.V., Thomas E.J. Social support in an Internet
weight loss community. International Journal of Medical Informatics,
2009. Vol. 79 (1), pp. 5—13. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.10.003
Internet World Stats. Available at:
https://www.internetworldstats.com/europa2. htm (Accessed: 14.08.2018)
Kaess M. et al. Pathological Internet use among European
adolescents: psychopathology and self-destructive behaviours. European Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014. Vol. 23 (11), pp. 1093—1102.
doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0562-7
Kardefelt-Winther D. A conceptual and methodological
critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory
internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014. Vol. 31, pp. 351—354.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Ko H.C., Wu J.Y., Lane H.Y. Personality Disorders in
Female and Male College Students With Internet Addiction. The Journal Of
Nervous And Mental Disease, 2016. Vol. 204 (3), pp. 221—225.
doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000708
Kuss D.J., Griffiths M.D., Karila L., Billieux J. Internet
Addiction: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Research for the Last Decade.
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2014. Vol. 20 (25), pp. 4026—4052.
doi:10.2174/13816128113199990617
Laconi S., Rodgers F., Chabrol H. The measurement of
Internet addiction: A critical review of existing scales and their psychometric
properties. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014. Vol. 41, pp. 190—202.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.026
Net Addiction. Available at:
http://netaddiction.com/kimberly-young/ (Accessed 18.07.2018)
Nimrod G. Challenging the Internet Paradox: Online
Depression Communities and Well-Being. International Journal of Internet
Science, 2013. Vol. 8 (1), pp. 30—48. Available at:
http://www.ijis.net/ijis8_1/ijis8_1_nimrod.pdf (Accessed 18.07.2018).
Pontes H.M., Caplan S.E., Griffiths M.D. Psychometric
Validation Of The Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 In A Portuguese
Sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016. Vol. 63, pp. 823—833.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.015
Przepiorka A.M., Blachnio A., Miziak B., Czuczwar S.J.
Clinical approaches to treatment of Internet addiction. Pharmacological
Reports, 2014. Vol. 66 (2), pp. 187—191.
doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2013.10.001
Przybylski A.K., Weinstein N. A Large-Scale Test of the
Goldilocks Hypothesis: Quantifying the Relations Between Digital-Screen Use and
the Mental Well- Being of Adolescents. Psychological Science, 2017. Vol.
28 (2), pp. 204—215. doi:10.1177/0956797616678438
Schimmenti A., Caretti V. Psychic retreats or psychic
pits? Unbearable states of mind and technological addiction. Psychoanalytic
Psychology, 2010. Vol. 2 (27), pp. 115—132. doi:10.1037/a0019414
Yang C.C., Brownb B.B. Factors involved in associations
between Facebook use and college adjustment: Social competence, perceived
usefulness, and use patterns. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015. Vol.
46, pp. 245—253. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.015
Young K.S. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new
clinical disorder. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1998. Vol. 1 (3), pp.
237—244. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25