Russian Psychological Issues PsyJournals.ru
RUSSIANENGLISH
Вход
OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS
JournalsTopicsAuthorsEditor's Choice For AuthorsAbout PsyJournals.ruContact Us

  Previous issue (2020. Vol. 10, no. 3)

Included in Web of Science СС (ESCI)

CrossRef

Psychology and Law

Publisher: Moscow State University of Psychology and Education

ISSN (online): 2222-5196

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Started in 2011

Published quarterly

Free of fees
Open Access Journal

  

Psychology and Law
2020. Vol. 10, no. 3, 120–142
doi:10.17759/psylaw.2020100309
ISSN: 2222-5196 (online)

Radicalisation: A Social Psychological Perspective (Part I) 85

|

Bovina I.B.
Doctor of Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical and Legal Psychology, Faculty of Legal and Forensic Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-6199
e-mail: innabovina@yandex.ru

Bovin B. G.
PhD in Psychology, Leading researcher, Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-7372
e-mail: bovinbg@yandex.ru

Tikhonova A.D.
MA in Psychology, graduate student, Faculty of Legal and Forensic Psychology, Moscow, Russia
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-2119
e-mail: GutnikAD@bez.mos.ru.

Abstract
Terrorism, being a long-standing phenomenon and a threat that has existed for at least two millennia, is still an extreme problem in the life of society. Understanding how a person comes to commit terrorist acts requires consideration of the process of radicalisation. The aim of our literature review is to analyse the process of radicalisation.Security and counter-terrorism are one of the priority areas of scientific development in Russia. This direction has different facets of analysis. From a psychological point of view, the development of measures of influence should be based on knowledge of how a person joins groups and organizations of a terrorist nature, what are the psychological mechanisms of radicalization, as well as an understanding of the laws of deradicalization. Our analytical review within the framework of social psychological knowledge has allowed us to overcome a kind of gap existing in the literature, namely, to acquaint the Russian readers with a promising explanatory model of the process of radicalisation - the uncertainty — identity theory, proposed by Hogg. This model explains why and how people join groups with extremist and radical beliefs, as well as why they prefer acts of violence, acting on behalf of these groups.

Keywords: radicalisation, terrorism, uncertainty, communication strategies, social identity, group norms,”visual culture"

Column: Interdisciplinary Studies

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100309

For Reference

Funding

Bovina I. B. performed theoretical and analytical research on the problem of radicalization with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) in the framework of the scientific project " Expansion (Competition for financial support for the preparation and publication of scientific review articles)” - № 19-113-50280.

References
  1. Andreyeva G.M. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya [Social psychology]. Moscow: Aspekt press.2002.364.(in Russ).
  2. Bodrijjar, Zh. Duh terrorizma. Vojny v Zalive ne bylo. [Spirit of terrorism.The Gulf   War will not take place]. Moscow: Ripol-Klassik. 2017. 226 p. (in Russ.).
  3. Gorbunov K.G. Terrorizm: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskoye issledovaniye [Terrorism: History and Present. Socio-psychological research]. Moscow : Forum, 2012.398 p. (in Russ.).
  4. Yenikolopov S.N. Terrorizm i agressivnoye povedeniye [Terrorism and aggressive behavior]. Natsional'nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal -National Psychological Journal, 2006, no. 1, pp. 28—32 (in Russ.).
  5. Zinchenko Yu.P., Surnov K.G., Tkhostov A.Sh. Motivatsiya terrorista [Terrorist motivation]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya - Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, 2007, no. 2, pp.20-34 (in Russ.).
  6. Kazberov P.N., Bovin B.G., Fasolya A.A. Psikhologicheskiy profil' terrorista [Psychological profile of a terrorist]. Psikhologiya i pravo - Psychology and Law, 2019.Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 141—157. doi: 10.17759 / psylaw.2019090311(in Russ.)
  7. Kompleksnyy plan protivodeystviya ideologii terrorizma v Rossiyskoy Federatsii na 2019-2023 gody (utv. Prezidentom Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 28.12.2018 № Pr-2665) [A comprehensive plan to counter the ideology of terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2019-2023 (approved by the President of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2018 No. Pr-2665)] (https://www.mchs.gov.ru/dokumenty/2632)(Accessed 26.07.2020) (in Russ.).
  8. Mel'nikova D.V., Debol'skiy M.G. Penitentsiarnyy stress i osobennosti yego proyavleniya u osuzhdennykh, podozrevayemykh, obvinyayemykh [Penitentiary stress and features of its manifestation in convicts, suspects, accused]. Psikhologiya i pravo - Psychology and Law, 2015. Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 105—116.(in Russ.).
  9. Sosnin V.A. Psihologija terrorizma i protivodejstvie emu v sovremennom mire.             Moscow: Izd-vo «Institut psihologii RAN». 2016. (in Russ.).
  10. Tikhonova A.D., Dvoryanchikov N.V., Ernst-Vintila A., Bovina I.B. Radikalizatsiya v podrostkovo-molodezhnoy srede: v poiskakh ob"yasnitel'noy skhemy [Radicalisation of Adolescents and Youth: In Search of Explanations]. Kul'turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2017. Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 32—40. doi:10.17759/chp.2017130305. (in Russ.).
  11. Chaynikov            YU.V. Khosrokhavar F. Kiber-Khalifat IGIL. Khosrokhavar F. Le             cyber-califat de Daech // Carnet du CAPS. —Paris, 2018. — N 26 —      R. 89—100 [Khosrohawar F. Cyber Caliphate ISIS. Khosrokhavar       F. Le cyber-califat de Daech // Carnet du CAPS. —Paris, 2018. - N 26 - P. 89—100]. Sotsial'nyye i gumanitarnyye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Seriya 9: Vostokovedeniye i Afrikanistika. Referativnyy zhurnal-Social and human sciences. Domestic and foreign literature. Series 9: Orientalism and Africanism. Abstract journal, 2019, no 4, pp.96-99 (in Russ.).
  12. Asch S.E. Opinions and Social Pressure. Scientific American, 1955. Vol.193, pp. 31-35.
  13. Beladavi S., Hogg M.A. Social categorisation and identity process in uncertainty management: the role of intragroup communication. In: S.R.Thye, E.J.Lawler (eds.). Advances in Group Processes. Bingley:Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019, pp. 61-77. DOI:10.1108/S0882-614520190000036006
  14. Borum R. Radicalization and involvement in violent extremism I: A review of definitions and applications of social science theories. Journal of Strategic Security, 2011, pp. 7—36.DOI:10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.1
  15. Borum R. Radicalization and involvement in violent extremism II: A review of conceptual models and empirical research. Journal of Strategic Security, 2011 а, pp. 37- 62.DOI:10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.2
  16. Campbell D. Common Fate, Similarity, and Other Indices of the Status of Aggregates of Persons as Social Entities.Behavioral Science, 1958. Vol. 3, pp.14-25.
  17. Choi E.U., Hogg M.A. Self-uncertainty and group identification: A meta-analysis. Group processes and intergroup relations, 2019, pp.1-19.DOI:10.1177/1368430219846990
  18. Conesa P., Huyghe F.B., Chouraqui M. La propagande francophone de Daech:la mythologie du combattant heureux. FMSH. Observatoire des radicalisations. Paris, 2016. 230 p.
  19. Countering Violent Extremism: The Application of Risk Assessment Tools in the Criminal Justice and Rehabilitation Process. 2018. Available at: https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-cve-application-risk-assessment-tools-criminal-justice-and-rehabilitation-process (Accessed: 26.06.2020)
  20. Deconchy J.P. Rationality and Social Control in Orthodox Systems, In: H. Tajfel (ed.). The Social Dimension. European Developments in Social Psychology. Paris : Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme; Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,1984, pp.13-32.
  21. Doise W., Valentim J.P. Levels of analysis in social psychology. In: J. D. Wright (ed.). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015, pp. 899—903.
  22. Doosje B., Loseman A., Van den Bos K. Determinants of Radicalisation of Islamic Youth in the Netherlands: Personal Uncertainty, Perceived Injustice, and Perceived Group Threat. Journal of Social Issues, 2013. Vol. 69, pp. 586—604. DOI:10.1111/josi.12030
  23. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, “European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020”.https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020. (Accessed: 26.07.2020).
  24. Farr R. The roots of modern social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1996. 166 p.
  25. Gelfand M.J., LaFree G., Fahey S., Feinberg E. Culture and Extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 2013. Vol. 69, pp. 495—517.DOI:10.1111/josi.12026
  26. Gill P., Corner E. There and back again: The study of mental disorder and terrorist involvement. American Psychologist, 2017. Vol.72, pp.231-241. DOI:/10.1037/amp0000090
  27. Ginges J., Atran S., Sachdeva S., Medin D. Psychology out of the Laboratory: The Challenge of Violent Extremism. American Psychologist, 2011. Vol.66, pp. 507-519.
  28. Global Terrorism database. 2020. Available at: https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=&sa.x=54&sa.y=3 (Accessed: 26.06.2020)
  29. Goldman L., Hogg M.A. Going to extremes for one’s group: the role of prototypicality and group acceptance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2016. Vol.46, pp.544-553. DOI:10.1111/jasp.12382
  30. Haslam C., Jetten J., Cruwys T., Dingle G., Haslam S.A. The new psychology of health. London: Routledge, 2018. 490 p.
  31. Hogg M.A. Self-uncertainty, social identity and the solace of extremism. In: M.A.Hogg, D.L.Blaylock (eds.). Extremism and psychology of uncertainty. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, pp.19-35.
  32. Hogg M.A. Social identity theory. In: P.J.Burke (ed.). Contemporary social psychological theories. Palo-Alto: Stanford University Press, 2006, pp. 111-136.
  33. Hogg M.A. To belong or not to belong: some self-conceptual and behavioural consequences of identity uncertainty. Revista de Psicología Social, 2015. Vol.30, pp.586-613 DOI:10.1080/02134748.2015.1065090
  34. Hogg M.A. Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 2013. Vol. 69, pp. 407-418.2013. DOI:10.1111/josi.12021
  35. Hogg M. A. Uncertainty-identity theory. In: M. P. Zanna (ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2007. Vol. 39, pp. 69-126.
  36. Hogg M. A. Uncertainty-identity theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (eds.). Handbook of theories of social psychology. Sage Publications Ltd,2012, pp.62-80. DOI:10.4135/9781446249222.n29
  37. Hogg M.A., Meehan C., Farquharson J. The solace of radicalism: Self-uncertainty and group identification in the face of threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2010. Vol.46, pp.1061-1066. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.005
  38. Hogg M., Kruglanski A., K.Van den Bos. Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 2013. Vol. 69, pp. 407—418.
  39. Institute for Economics & Peace. Global Terrorism Index 2019: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Sydney. November 2019. Available at: http://visionofhumanity.org/reports (Accessed: 26.06.2020).
  40. Jones C.R. Are prison really schools for terrorism? Challenging the rhetoric on prison radicalization. Punishment and society, 2014. DOI:10.1177/1462474513506482
  41. Kalmus V. Socialization in the changing information environment: Implications for media literacy. In: D. Macedo & S. R. Steinberg (eds.). Media Literacy: A Reader. New York: Peter Lang, 2007, pp. 157—165.
  42. Kende A., Ujhelyi A., Joinson A., Greitemeyer T. Putting the social (psychology) into social media. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2015.Vol.45, pp.277-278. DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2097
  43. King M., Taylor D.M. The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2011, pp. 602—622 DOI:10.1080/09546553.2011.587064
  44. Koomen W., Van der Pligt J. Introduction. In: W. Koomen, J. van der Pligt (eds.).The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2016, pp.1-10.
  45. Knudsen R. A. Measuring radicalisation: risk assessment conceptualisations and practice in England and Wales. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2020. Vol.12, pp. 37-54. DOI:10.1080/19434472.2018.1509105
  46. Kruglanski A., Fishman S. Psychological Factors in Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Individual, Group, and Organizational Levels of Analysis. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2009. Vol. 3, pp. 1-44.DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01009.x
  47. McCauley C. The ABC model: Commentary from the Perspective of the Two Pyramids Model of Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2020.1763964
  48. McCauley C., Moskalenko S. Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways towards terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2008. Vol. 20, pp. 415-433.DOI:10.1080/09546550802073367
  49. Millana L. Terrorism and violence is Spanish prisons: A Brief Glimpse into Prison Environment: Personal Experiences and Reflections. In: J. Martín Ramírez, G. Abad-Quintanal (eds.). Cross-Cultural Dialogue as a Conflict Management Strategy. Verlag: Springer International Publishing. 2018, pp.138-153.
  50. Moscovici S. La Psychanalyse son image et son public. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1961. 652p.
  51. Pfundmair M., Aßmann E., Kiver B., Penzkofer M., Scheuermeyer A., Sust L., Schmidt H. Pathways toward Jihadism in Western Europe: An Empirical Exploration of a comprehensive Model of Terrorist Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2019, pp. 1—23. DOI:10.1080/09546553.2019.1663828
  52. Rose G. On the relation between ’visual research methods’ and contemporary visual culture. Sociological Review, 2014. Vol. 62, pp. 24—46.
  53. Sarma K. M. Risk assessment and the prevention of radicalization from nonviolence into terrorism. American Psychologist, 2017. Vol. 72, pp.278—288.DOI:10.1037/amp0000121
  54. Schuurman B. Topics in terrorism research: reviewing trends and gaps, 2007-2016. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2019.Vol.12, pp. 463-480, DOI: 10.1080/17539153.2019.1579777
  55. Silke A. The study of terrorism and counterterrorism. In: A.Silke (ed.). Routledge Handbook of terrorism and counterterrorism. New York: Routledge, 2019, pp.1-10.
  56. Spencer A.N. The Hidden Face of Terrorism: An Analysis of the Women in Islamic State. Journal of Strategic Security, 2016. Vol.9, pp. 74-98.DOI:10.5038/1944-0472.9.3.1549
  57. Tajfel H. Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 1982. Vol. 33, pp.1—39.DOI:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
  58. Trimbur M. Les terroristes et personnes radicalisées ont-ils des troubles mentaux ? Une revue systématique de la littérature. Thèse pour le diplôme d’Etat de docteur en médecine. Lille: Université de Lille, 2019. 141 p.
  59. Von Knop K. The Female Jihad: Al Qaeda's Women. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 2007. Vol. 30, pp. 397-414.DOI:10.1080/10576100701258585
  60. Wickham B. M., Capezza N.M., Stephenson V.L. Misperceptions and motivations of the female terrorist: A Psychological Perspective. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 2020. Vol.29,pp.953—968.DOI:10.1080/10926771.2019.1685041
  61. Wieviorka M. From the “classic” terrorism of the 1970s to contemporary “global” terrorism. In: D.Jodelet, J.Vala, E.Drozda-Senkowska (eds.). Societies under threat.Cham: Springer, 2020, pp.75-85.
  62. Woo D. J., Giles H., Hogg M. A., Goldman L. A social psychology of groups: An intergroup analysis. In: S. H. Decker, D. C. Pyrooz (eds.). Handbook of gangs and gang responses. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015, pp.186-212.
  
About PsyJournals.ru

© 2007–2021 Portal of Russian Psychological Publications. All rights reserved

PsyJournals.ru in Russian

Publisher: Moscow State University of Psychology and Education

Catalogue of academic journals in psychology & education MSUPE

Creative Commons License Open Access Repository     Webometrics Ranking of Repositories

 RSS Psyjournals at facebook Psyjournals at Twitter Psyjournals at Youtube ??????.???????