The Use of Computer Tools in Assessing the Development of Learning Interactions in Primary Schoolchildren

The article presents results of a study on the possibilities of using the ‘Scales’ research technique for assessing the effectiveness of learning interactions in primary school children. The study involved 90 students of primary school (N=90), grades 1 to 4. We discuss the issue of using computer tools in activity- based assessments. In our study, we have implemented the fundamental theoretical principle, according to which the very nature of participants’ activities determines the structure of the digital system construction. We show that evaluating the effectiveness of learning interactions in joint problem-solving tasks is possible in situations when the ‘digital shell’ of the students’ activities becomes a means to actualize the processes of communication, exchange of actions, mutual understanding and reflection, which determine the process of setting the learning task and finding the generalised way of solving it. It is noted that in the course of solving experimental problems, there is a qualitative change in these processes, which are an integral characteristic of the sense of community that arises between children and adults and, in turn, allows children to reach beyond the framework of the current subject problem and to move over to meaning-based interactions (Z=-3.651, Asympt.Sig.(2-tailed)<0.001, p=0.05).

1. Vysotskaya        E.V.       Psikhologicheskie osobennosti vvedeniya shkol’nikov v soderzhanie nauchnykh ponyatii pri ispol’zovanii predmetno-orientirovannykh komp’yuternykh uchebnykh sred. Avtoref. diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Psychological features of the introduction schoolchildren into the content of scientific concepts when using subject-oriented computer learning environments. PhD (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1991. 18 p. (In Russ.).
2. Badarch Dendev (ed.), Informatsionnye i kommunikativnye tekhnologii v obrazovanii: monografiya [Information and communication technologies in education: monograph]. Moscow: IITO UNESKO Publ., 2013. 320 p. (In Russ.).
3. Rubtsov V.V. (ed.), Kommunikativno-orientirovannye obrazovatel’nye sredy. Psikhologiya proektirovaniya [Communication-oriented educational environments. Design psychology]. Moscow: «Ven- Mer» Publ., 1996. 157 p. (In Russ.).
4. Konokotin A.V. Vklyuchenie detei s osobymi obrazovatel’nymi potrebnostyami i normativno razvivayushchikhsya detei v sovmestnoe reshenie uchebnykh zadach (na primere resheniya zadach na ponimanie mul’tiplikativnykh otnoshenii) [Elektronnyi resurs] [Inclusion of Children with Special Educational Needs and Typically Developing Children in Joint Problem- Solving (With Tasks on Understanding Multiplicative Relations as an Example)]. Kul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-historical psychology, 2019. Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 79—88. DOI:10.17759/chp.2019150408 (In Russ.).
5. Kravtsov G.G. Psikhologicheskie osobennosti uchebnoi deyatel’nosti mladshikh podrostkov (na materiale usvoeniya uchashchimisya 4 klassa soderzhaniya matematicheskogo ponyatiya funktsii) [Elektronnyi resurs]. Avtoref. diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Psychological features of the educational activity of younger adolescents (based on the assimilation of the content of the mathematical concept of functions by students of grade 4). PhD (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1977. Available at: http://childpsy.ru/ dissertations/id/18823.php (Accessed 16.05.2021). (In Russ.).
6. Kritskii A.G., Shcherbinin M.Yu. Komp’yuternye kommunikatsii v sovmestnoi uchebnoi deyatel’nosti [Computer communications in joint educational activities]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological science and educational, 2006. Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 93—104. Available at: https://psyjournals. ru/files/1465/psyedu_2006_n2_Kritskij.pdf (Accessed 14.05.2021). (In Russ.).
7. Natsional’nyi proekt «Obrazovanie» [Elektronnyi resurs] [National project «Education»]. Ministerstvo prosveshcheniya   Rossiiskoi    Federatsii.    Available at: https://edu.gov.ru/national-project/ (Accessed 05.06.2021).
8. Rubtsov V.V. et al. Organizatsiya protsessa obucheniya v uchebnykh kabinetakh s ispol’zovaniem mikro-EVM [Elektronnyi resurs] [Organization of the learning process in classrooms using a micro-computer]. Voprosy psikhologii = Psychology issues, 1988, no. 3, pp. 79—86. Available at: http://www.voppsy.ru/ issues/1988/883/883079.htm (Accessed 14.05.2021). (In Russ.).
9. Poluyanov Yu.A. Spetsifika formirovaniya sposobnosti k ucheniyu v mladshem shkol’nom vozraste [Elektronnyi resurs] [The specifics of the formation of the ability to learn at primary school age]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological science and educational, 1996. Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 73—82. Available at: https://psyjournals.ru/ files/2147/psyedu_1996_n2_Poluyanov.pdf (Accessed 16.05.2021). (In Russ.).
10. Problemy i perspektivy tsifrovoi transformatsii obrazovaniya v Rossii i Kitae [Elektronnyi resurs] [Problems and   prospects   of   digital transformation of education in Russia and China]. Materialy Vtoroi Rossiisko-kitaiskoi konferentsii issledovatelei obrazovaniya «Tsifrovaya transformatsiya obrazovaniya i iskusstvennyi intellekt» (g. Moskva, 26—27 sentyabrya 2019 g.) [Materials of the Second Russian-Chinese Conference of Educational Researchers «Digital Transformation of Education and Artificial Intelligence»]. Moscow: HSE Publ., 2019. 155 p. Available at: https:// aiedu.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/308201188 (Accessed 19.05.2021). (In Russ.).
11. Rubtsov V.V. Logiko-psikhologicheskie osnovy ispol’zovaniya komp’yuternykh uchebnykh sredstv v protsesse obucheniya [Elektronnyi resurs] [Logical and psychological foundations of the use of computer teaching aids in the learning process]. In Fel’dshtein D.I. (ed.), Osnovy sotsial’no-geneticheskoi psikhologii: Izbrannye psikhologicheskie Trudy [Fundamentals of Socio-Genetic Psychology: Selected Psychological Works]. Moscow: «Institut prakticheskoi psikhologii» Publ., 1996, pp. 236—259. Available at: http://psychlib. ru/mgppu/ROs-1996/ROs-0011.htm#$p1 (Accessed 24.05.2021). (In Russ.).
12. Rubtsov V.V. Psikhologicheskie osobennosti vvedeniya shkol’nikov v oblast’ teoreticheskikh ponyatii (na materiale fiziki) [Elektronnyi resurs]. Avtoref. diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Psychological features of the introduction schoolchildren into the field of theoretical concepts (based on physics). PhD (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1976. 18 p. Available at: http:// psychlib.ru/mgppu/disers/rubtsovvv-1976/rpo-017. htm#$p1 (Accessed 10.06.2021). (In Russ.).
13. Rubtsov V.V. Sotsial’no-geneticheskaya psikhologiya razvivayushchego obrazovaniya: deyatel’nostnyi podkhod [Socio-genetic psychology of developing education: an activity approach]. Moscow: MGPPU Publ., 2008. 416 p. (In Russ.).
14. Rubtsov V.V., Margolis A.A., Pazhitnov A.L. Komp’yuter kak sredstvo uchebnogo modelirovaniya [Computer as a tool for educational modeling]. Informatika i obrazovanie = Computer science and education, 1987, no. 5, pp. 8—15.
15. Rubtsova O.V. Tsifrovye tekhnologii kak novoe sredstvo oposredovaniya (Chast’ pervaya) [Elektronnyi resurs] [Digital technologies as a new means of mediation (Part one)]. Kul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-historical psychology, 2019. Vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 117—124. DOI:10.17759/chp.2019150312 (In Russ.).
16. 16.        Uvarov A.Yu. Obrazovanie v mire tsifrovykh tekhnologii: na puti k tsifrovoi transformatsii [Digital Education: Towards Digital Transformation]. Moscow: HSE Publ., 2018. 168 p.
17. Aismontas B.B. et al. Uchet individual’no- psikhologicheskikh     osobennostei      uchashchikhsya v usloviyakh «tsifrovoi obrazovatel’noi sredy» [Elektronnyi resurs] [Taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of students in a «digital educational      environment»].      Nauchnaya      shkola V.V. Davydova: traditsii i innovatsii: Sbornik tezisov uchastnikov mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii (g. Moskva, 21—24 sentyabrya 2020 g.) [The scientific school of V.V. Davydova: Traditions and Innovations: Collection of Abstracts of the Participants of the International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Moscow: MGPPU Publ., 2020, pp. 159—163. Available at: http://davydov-conf.ru/wp-content/ uploads/2020/09/tezisy.pdf   (Accessed   21.05.2021). (In Russ.).
18. Akhmetova D.Z. et al. Tsifrovizatsiya i inklyuzivnoe obrazovanie: tochki soprikosnoveniya: tochki soprikosnoveniya [Elektronnyi resurs] [Digitalization and inclusive education: points of contact: points of contact]. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher education in Russia, 2019. Vol. 29, no 2, pp. 141—150. Available at: https://vovr.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2123/1444 (Accessed 15.06.2021). (In Russ.).
19. Zuckerman G.A. Formirovanie uchebnoi deyatel’nosti v kollektivno-raspredelennoi forme: na materiale eksperimental’nogo obucheniya rodnomu yazyku v nachal’noi shkole [Elektronnyi resurs]. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Formation of educational activity in a collectively distributed form: based on the material of experimental teaching of the native language in primary school. Dr. Sci. (Psychology) diss.]. Moscow, 1980. 196 p. Available at: http://psychlib.ru/mgppu/disers/ zfu-1980/zfu-195.htm#$p1 (Accessed 14.05.2021). (In Russ.).
20. El’konin D.B. Detskaya psikhologiya: Ucheb. posobie dlya studentov vyssh. ucheb. zavedenii [Elektronnyi resurs] [Child psychology: Textbook manual for students of higher. study. establishments]. In El’konin B.D. (ed.). 4th ed. Moscow: «Akademiya» Publ., 2007. 384 p. Available at: http://psychlib.ru/mgppu/ Edp-2007/Edp-001.htm#n1 (Accessed 14.05.2021). (In Russ.).
21. Martin L. Children’s problem-solving as inter- individual outcome. PhD Diss., San Diego: University of California, 1983, 164 p.
22. Rubtsov V.V., Konokotin A.V. Formation of higher mental functions in children with special educational needs via social interaction. In Darlyne G. Nemeth, G. Glozman (eds.). Evaluation and Treatment of Neuropsychologically Compromised Children. San Diego: Elsilver, 2020, pp. 179—195.