Обращение к духовному и религиозному совладанию в психотерапии. Обзор западных исследований ⁵⁹²

Духовные и религиозные верования и практики, согласно многим научным свидетельствам, обладают огромным терапевтическим потенциалом. В статье приводятся результаты новейших западных исследований, посвященных раз- личным аспектам обращения к религиозной и духовной сфере в психотерапии. Эмпирическая обоснованность этих исследований оценивается автором статьи как конструктивная альтернатива малопродуктивным дискуссиям о религиоз- ности и духовности в психотерапии, ведущимся обычно на абстрактном уровне в идеологически-конфронтационном стиле. Обозначаются достоинства и недостатки подобного инструментально-поведенческого подхода к духовности, формулируется задача построения единой методологически фундированной модели процесса духовного совладания и обращения к нему в психотерапии.

Ключевые слова: духовное совладание, психологическое консультирование, психотерапия, психология религии, синергийная психотерапия, духовно-ориентированная психотерапия

Рубрика: Христианская психология и психотерапия

Тип: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2016240509

Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РГНФ (проект № 15-06- 10889 «Синергийно-феноменологический подход в консультативной психологии»).

Одним из последних нашумевших трендов психотерапии и популярной психологии стала практика осознанности (mindfullness), в основе которой лежат практики и философия буддизма (см., например: [Пуговкина, Шильникова 2014]).

1. Белорусов С.А. Психология духовности, веры и религии // Журнал практического психолога. 1998. № 6. С. 21—43.
2. Василюк Ф.Е. Христианская психология: «история» и «география». Статья 1. Опыт периодизации // Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2015. № 5. С. 49—63.
3. Василюк Ф.Е. На подступах к синергийной психотерапии: история упований // Фонарь Диогена. Проект синергийной антропологии в современном гума- нитарном контексте / Отв. ред. С.С. Хоружий. М.: Прогресс-Традиция, 2010. С. 620—642.
4. Пуговкина О.Д., Шильникова З.Н. Концепция mindfulness (осознанность): не- специфический фактор психологического благополучия // Современная за- рубежная психология. 2014. № 2. С. 18—27.
5. Хоружий С.С. Очерки синергийной антропологии. М.: Институт философии, те- ологии и истории св. Фомы, 2005. 408 с.
6. Шаньков Ф.М. Религиозное и духовное совладание. Обзор западных исследова- ний // Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2015. № 5. С. 123—152.
7. Эммонс Р. Психология высших устремлений: мотивация и духовность личности. М.: Смысл, 2004. 416 с.
8. Ai A.L., Wink P., Tice T.N., Bolling S.F., Shearer M. Prayer and reverence in naturalistic, aesthetic, and socio-moral contexts predicted fewer complications following coro- nary artery bypass // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 32. № 6. P. 570— 581.   doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9228-1
9. American Association of Pastoral Counselors Samaritan Institute (2000). Report. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.samaritaninstitute.org/affiliates/docu- ments/GALLUPSURVEYAAPCandSISummaryfindings.pdf (дата обращения: 10.09.2016).
10. Ano G.G., Vasconcelles E.B. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis // Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 61 (4). P. 461—480. doi:10.1002/jclp.20049
11. Azhar M.Z., Varma S.L. Religious psychotherapy as management of bereavement // Acta Psychiatricia Scandinavica. 1995. Vol. 91. P. 233—235. doi:10.1111/ j.1600- 0447.1995.tb09774.x
12. Cole B.S. Spiritually-focused psychotherapy for people diagnosed with cancer: A pilot outcome study // Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2005. Vol. 8 (3). P. 217— 226.  doi:10.1080/13694670500138916
13. Delaney H.D., Miller W.R., Bisonó A.M. Religiosity and spirituality among psycholo- gists: A survey of clinician members of the American Psychological Association // Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2007. Vol. 38. P. 538—546. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.5.538
14. Exline J.J., Rose E.D. Religious and spiritual struggles // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. 2nd ed. / Ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 379—397.
15. Exline J.J., Yali A.M., Sanderson W.C. Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of reli- gious strain in depression and suicidality // Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000. Vol. 56 (12). P. 1481—1496. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12%3C1481::AID- 1%3E3.0.CO;2-A
16. Frame M.W. Integrating religion and spirituality into counseling: A comprehensive ap- proach. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks; Cole, 2003.
17. Gall T.L., Guirguis-Younger M. Religious and spiritual coping: Current theory and re- search // APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality / Ed. by K.I. Parga- ment, J.J. Exline, J.W. Jones. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. P. 349—364.
18. Gear M.R., Faigin C.A., Gibbel M.R., Krumrei E., Oemig C., McCarthy S.K. et al. The winding road: A promising approach to addressing the spiritual struggles of college students // Spirituality in Higher Education Newsletter. 2008. Vol. 4 (4). P. 1—8.
19. Gockel A. Client Perspectives on Spirituality in the Therapeutic Relationship // The Humanistic Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 39 (2). P. 154—168. doi:10.1080/08873267.2011.564959
20. Hathaway W.L., Scott S.Y., Garver S.A. Assessing religious/spiritual functioning: A ne- glected domain in clinical practice? // Professional Psychology: Research and Prac- tice. 2004. Vol. 35 (1). P. 97—104. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.97
21. Hodge D.R. Assessing spirituality and religion in the context of counseling and psycho- therapy //APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality / Ed. by K. Parga- ment, A. Mahoney, E. Shafranske. Washington, DC: American Psychological As- sociation, 2013. Vol. 2. P. 93—123. doi:10.1037/14046-005
22. Kaplar M.E., Wachholtz A.B., O’Brien W.H. The effect of religious and spiritual inter- ventions on the biological, psychological, and spiritual outcomes of oncology pa- tients // Journal of Psychosocial Oncology. 2004. Vol. 22 (1). P. 39—49. doi:10.1300/ J077v22n01_03
23. Kirkpatrick L.A. Evolutionary Psychology as a Foundation for the Psychology of Re- ligion // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. 2nd ed. / Ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 560—578.
24. Koenig H.G. Spirituality and mental health // International Journal of Applied Psycho- analytic Studies. 2010. Vol. 7 (2). P. 116—122. doi:10.1002/aps.239
25. Larson D.B., Larson S.S. Spirituality’s potential relevance to physical and emotional health: A brief review of quantitative research // Journal of Psychology and Theol- ogy. 2003. Vol. 31 (1). P. 37—51.
26. Levin J. Religion and mental health: Theory and research // International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies. 2010. Vol. 7 (2). P. 102—115. doi:10.1002/aps.240
27. MacLean C.D., Susa B., Phifer N., Bynum D., Franco M., Klioze A. et al. Patient prefer- ence for physician discussion and practice of spirituality: Results from a multicenter patient survey // Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003. Vol. 18 (1). P. 38—43. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20403.x
28. Masters K.S., Hooker S.A. Religion, spirituality, and health // Handbook of the psychol- ogy of religion and spirituality. 2013. P. 519—539.
29. McCullough M.E. Research on religion-accommodative counseling: Review and metaanalysis // Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1999. Vol. 46 (1). P. 92—98. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.92
30. McIntosh D.N., Silver R.C., Wortman C.B. Religion’s role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child // Journal of Personality and Social Psychol- ogy. 1993. Vol. 65 (4). P. 812—821. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.812
31. McMinn M.R., Aikins D.C., Lish R.A. Basic and advanced competence in collaborating with clergy // Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2003. Vol. 34 (2). P. 197—202. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.2.197
32. Meneses R. A biopsychosocial-spiritual model in health // Arquivos De CiêNcias Da SaúDe. 2016. Vol. 23 (3). P. 01—02. doi:10.17696/2318-3691.23.3.2016.574
33. Morrison J.Q., Clutter S.M., Pritchett E.M., Demmitt A. Perceptions of clients and coun- seling professionals regarding spirituality in counseling // Counseling and Values. 2009. Vol. 53 (3). P. 183—194. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.2009.tb00124.x
34. Morrison M., Borgen W.A. How Christian spiritual and religious beliefs help and hin- der counselors’ empathy toward clients // Counseling and Values. 2010. Vol. 55 (1). P.  25—45.  doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.2010.tb00020.x
35. Murray-Swank N.A., Pargament K.I. God, where are you?: Evaluating a spiritually inte- grated intervention for sexual abuse // Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2005. Vol. 8 (3). P. 191—203. doi:10.1080/13694670500138866
36. Nielson S.L., Johnson W.B., Ellis A. Counseling and psychotherapy with religious per- sons: A rational emotive behavior therapy approach. E-book. Publ. Lawrence Erl- baum Associates, Inc. 2001. 300 p.
37. Oman D. Defining religion and spirituality // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. 2013. Vol. 2. P. 23—47.
38. Oman D., Shapiro S.L., Thoresen C.E., Flinders T., Driskill J.D., Plante T.G. Learning from spiritual models and meditation: A randomized evaluation of a college course // Pastoral Psychology. 2007. Vol. 55 (4). P. 473—493. doi:10.1007/s11089-006-0062-x
39. Paloutzian R.F., Park C.L. (Eds.). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spiritual- ity. Guilford Publ. 2014.
40. Pargament K.I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford Press. 1997.
41. Pargament K.I. The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory. Research and practice // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. 2013a. Vol. 2. P. 560—578.
42. Pargament K.I. Searching for the sacred: Toward a nonreductionistic theory of spiritu- ality // APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. / Ed. by K.I. Pargament. 2013b. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research/ Washington: Ameri- can Psychological Association. P. 257—273.
43. Pargament K.I., Krumrei E.J. Clinical assessment of clients’ spirituality // J.D. Aten, M.M. Leach, J.D. Aten, M.M. Leach (Eds.) Spirituality and the therapeutic pro- cess: A comprehensive resource from intake to termination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2009. Р. 93—120. doi:10.1037/11853-005
44. Park C.L. Religion and meaning // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spiritu- ality: 2nd ed. / Ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer. 2013. P. 356—377.
45. Phillips R.E., III, Lakin R., Pargament K.I. Development and implementation of a spiritu- al issues psychoeducational group for those with serious mental illness // Community Mental Health Journal. 2002. Vol. 38 (6). P. 487—495. doi:10.1023/A:1020832218607
46. Plante T.G. Integrating spirituality and psychotherapy: Ethical issues and principles to consider // Journal of clinical psychology. 2007. Vol. 63(9). P. 891. doi:10.1002/jclp.20383
47. Plante T.G. Addressing problematic spirituality in therapy // J.D. Aten, M.R. McMinn, E.R. Worthington (Eds.) Spiritually oriented interventions for counseling and psy- chotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2011. Р. 83— 106. doi:10.1037/12313-004
48. Plante T.G. Beyond Mindfulness // Open Theology. 2016. Vol. 2 (1). P. 135—144. doi:10.1515/opth-2016-0011
49. Richards P., Bergin A.E. A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2005. doi:10.1037/11214-000
50. Rose E.M., Westfeld J.S., Ansley T.N. Spiritual issues in counseling clients, beliefs and preferences // Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2001. Vol. 30. P. 118—134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.61
51. Ruff J. Psychologist bias in implicit responding to religiously divergent nonpatient tar- gets and explicit responding to religiously divergent patients // Journal of Disser- tations. 2008. Vol. 2 (1). URL: http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2008/ar- ticles/1378.pdf (дата обращения: 16.11.2016).
52. Saunders S.M., Miller M.L., Bright M.M. Spiritually conscious psychological care // Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2010. Vol. 41 (5). P. 355—362. doi:10.1037/a0020953
53. Shafranske E.P. Religious involvement and professional practices of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals // Psychiatric Annals. 2000. Vol. 30 (8). P. 525—532.  doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20000801-07
54. Shafranske E.P. Addressing Religiousness and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: Advancing Evidence-Based Practice // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. 2013. Vol. 2. P. 560—578.
55. Shreve-Neiger A.K., Edelstein B.A. Religion and anxiety: A critical review of the litera- ture // Clinical Psychology Review. 2004. Vol. 24 (4). P. 379—397. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2004.02.003
56. Smith T.B., Bartz J., Richards P.S. Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psy- chotherapy: A meta-analytic review // Psychotherapy Research. 2007. Vol. 17 (6). P.  643—655.  doi:10.1080/10503300701250347
57. Sperry L. Spirituality in clinical practice: Theory and practice of spiritually oriented psychotherapy. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; Taylor, Francis. 2012.
58. Sulmasy D.P. A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life // The Gerontologist. 2002. Vol. 42 (suppl. 3). P. 24—33. doi:10.1093/geront/42.suppl_3.24
59. Tan S.-Y. Addressing religion and spirituality from a cognitive behavioral perspective //K. Pargament, A. Mahoney, E. Shafranske (Eds.) APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2013. Vol. 2 (pp. 169—187.
60. Tonigan J.S.,  Toscova  R.T.,  Connors  G.J.  Spirituality  and  the  12-step  programs: A guide for clinicians // W.R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treat- ment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1999. Р. 111—131. doi:10.1037/10327-006
61. Vieten C., Scammell S., Pilato R., Ammondson I., Pargament K.I., Lukoff D. Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists // Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2013. Vol. 5 (3). P. 129. doi:10.1037/a0032699
62. Wachholtz A.B., Pargament K.I. Migraines and meditation: Does spirituality matter? // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2008. Vol. 31 (4). P. 351—366. doi:10.1007/s10865- 008-9159-2
63. White F.E. The lived experience of psychospiritual integration. A qualitative study with exemplary psychotherapists who actively integrate spirituality into their practice of psychotherapy // The Academy of Religion and Psychical Research Proceedings. 2003. P. 88—98.
64. Worthington E.L., Jr. Moving forward: Six steps to forgiving yourself and breaking free from the past. Colorado Springs: WaterBrook. 2013.
65. Yangarber-Hicks N. Religious coping styles and recovery from serious mental illnesses // Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2004. Vol. 32 (4). P. 305—317.
66. Young J.S., Wiggins-Frame M., Cashwell C.S. Spirituality and counselor competence: A national survey of American Counseling Association members // Journal of Coun- seling and Development: JCD. 2007. Vol. 85 (1). P. 47—52.