Психология высокорискового вождения (обзор зарубежных исследований) ¹⁶⁴⁰

В статье приведен краткий обзор зарубежных теоретических представлений, эмпирических данных и методических подходов к проблеме высокорискового вождения. Описаны факторы опасного вождения: факторы внешней среды и внутренние факторы, включающие возраст водителя, употребление ПАВ, личностные стили, когнитивные нарушения, эмоциональные состояния, стили реагирования на стресс. Объясняется влияние снижения когнитивного функционирования, приобретенного в результате травмы головного мозга, устойчивых или прогрессирующих неврологических заболеваний на опасное вождение. Изложено содержание основных моделей вождения: мотивационной, информационной обработки, иерархического управления. Отдельный раздел статьи посвящен когнитивным факторам, описан широкий спектр нарушений когнитивных функций, которые могут потенциально ухудшить безопасность движения. Обсуждены перспективы исследований когнитивных функций, прогностическая ценность отдельных тестов, включая нейропсихологические. Сделан вывод о необходимости стандартизации и подтверждения протокола оценки водителей и кандидатов в водители, а также внедрения единого подхода для всех медицинских работников и специалистов немедицинского профиля, в целях преодоления существующих разногласий в оценках при осуществлении медицинского освидетельствования, экспертной деятельности и правоприменения.

Ключевые слова: опасное вождение, когнитивные нарушения, нейропсихологическое исследование

Рубрика: Судебная и клиническая психология в юридическом контексте

Тип: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2016060206

По данным ГИБДД, за период с января по ноябрь 2015 г. на дорогах России произошло 133,203 ДТП, в которых погибли 16638 человек и 168146 получили ранения, из них 15860 детей ранено и 582 ребенка погибли. Несмотря на снижение различных показателей аварийности (2–14%), за последние годы количество дорожно-транспортных происшествий (ДТП) с наездом на пешеходных переходах увеличилось на 2%, количество погибших по вине пьяных водителей увеличилось почти на 16% [3].

<...>

1. Мялкин В.А. Комплексный характер экспертной психологической оценки состояния лиц, совершивших ДТП // Материалы научно-практической конференции «Коченовские чтения “Психология и право в современной России”». М.: ФГБОУ ВПО МГППУ, 2012.
2. Основные виды психологических ошибок в процессе вождения: Применение АПК-тестирования и развития психофизиологических качеств водителей в учебном процессе автошкол [Электронный ресурс]: ЗАО «НЕЙРОКОМ». М.: официальный сайт ЗАО «НЕЙРОКОМ». URL: http://www.neurocom.ru/pdf/press/avtoshkola.pdf (дата обращения: 17.04.2016).
3. Правовая защита автолюбителя: Статистика ДТП в России 2015 [Электронный ресурс]: «Правовая защита автолюбителей». СПб.: веб-сайт washamashina.ru. URL: http://www.vashamashina.ru/statistics_traffic_accident.html (дата обращения: 17.04.2016).
4. Шипшин С.С. Судебно-психологическая экспертиза психического состояния водителя по делам о дорожно-транспортных происшествиях: дисс. ... канд. психол. наук. М., 1998. 236 c.
5. Baddeley A. Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Revised Edition. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd, 1997. 423 p.
6. Baddeley A. Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. 304 p.
7. Broadbent D.E., Broadbent M.H., Jones J.L. Performance correlates of self- reported cognitive failure and of obsessionality // British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1986. Vol. 25. P. 285–299.
8. Brouwer W.H., Withaar F.K. Fitness to drive after traumatic brain injury // Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 1997. Vol. 73. P. 177–193.
9. Cohen J.T. Graham J.D. A revised economic analysis of restrictions on the use of cell phones while driving // Risk Analysis. 2003. Vol. 23. P. 5–17.
10. Crawford J.R. Introduction to the assessment of attention and executive functioning // Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 1998. Vol. 83. P. 209–211.
11. Dahlen E., Martin R., Ragan K., Kuhlman, M. Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving // Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2005. Vol. 37. P. 341—348.
12. Drews F.A., Pasupathi M., Strayer D.L. Passenger and cell phone conversations in simulated driving // Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2008. Vol. 14. P. 392–400.
13. Dula C., Martin B., Fox R., Leonard R. Can you hear me now? Relationship between conversation types and dangerous driving // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2011. Vol. 43 (1). P. 187–193.
14. Dula C.S., Geller E.S. Risky, aggressive, or emotional driving: Addressing the need for consistent communication in research // Journal of Safety Research. 2003. Vol. 34. P. 559–566.
15. DuPaul G., Power T., Anastopoulos A., Reid R. ADHD Rating Scale-IV; Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1998. 80 p.
16. Engum E.S., Cron L., Hulse C.K., Pendergrass T.M., Lambert W. Cognitive behavioral driver's inventory // Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation. 1988. Vol. 65. P. 34–50.
17. Fischer M., Barkley R., Smallish L., Fletcher K. Hyperactive children as young adults: Driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2007. Vol. 39. P. 94–105.
18. Fox G.K., Bashford G.M., Caust S.L. Identifying safe versus unsafe drivers following brain impairment: The Coorabel Programme // Disability and Rehabilitation. 1992. Vol. 14 (3). P. 140–145.
19. Fox G.K., Bowden S.C, Smith D.S. On-road assessment of driving competence after brain impairment: Review of current practice and recommendations for a standardized examination // Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998. Vol. 79 (10). P. 1288–1296.
20. Galski T., Ehle H.T., Williams J.B. Estimates of driving abilities and skills in different conditions // American Journal of Occupational Therapy.1998. Vol. 52 (4). P. 268–275.
21. Gouvier W.D., Maxfield M.W., Schweitzer J.R., Horton C.R. Shipp M., Neilson K., Hale P. Psychometric prediction of driving performance among the disabled // Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1989. Vol. 70. P. 745–750.
22. Groupe de Reflexionsurl' Evaluation des Fonctions Executives. The Evaluation of executive functions in clinical practice // Revue de Neuropsychologic. 2001. Vol. 11 (3). P. 383–434.
23. Halvari H., Gjesme T. Trait and state anxiety before and after competitve performance // Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1995.Vol. 81 (3), pt. 2. P. 1059–1070.
24. Handler B.S., Patterson J.B. Driving after brain injury // Journal of Rehabilitation. 1995. April/Mav/June. P. 43–49.
25. Hopewell C.A. Driving assessment issues for practicing clinicians // The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2002. Vol. 17 (1). P. 48–59.
26. Hunt L.A., Murphy C.F., Carr D., Duchek J.M., Buckles V., Morris J.C. Reliability of the Washington University Road Test // Archives of Neurology. 1993. Vol. 54. P. 707–712.
27. Iversen H., Rundmo T. Personality, risky driving and accident involvement among Norwegian drivers // Personality and Individual Differences. 2002. Vol. 33. P. 1251–1263.
28. Janelle C.M., Singer R.N., Williams A.M. External distraction and attentional narrowing: visual search evidence // Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 1999.Vol. 21. P. 70–91.
29. Jonah B.A. Sensation seeking and risky driving: A review and synthesis of the literature // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1997. Vol. 29 (5). P. 651–655.
30. Lambert E.W., Engum E.S. Construct validity of the cognitive behavioural drivers' inventory: age, diagnosis and driving ability // Cognitive Rehabilitation. 1992. May/June. P. 32–45.
31. Lansdown T.C, Fowkes M., Wierwille W.W., Tijerina L. Workload demands of in vehicle displays, in Vision // Vehicles VI by A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown Ed. Oxford, England UK: Anonima Romana, 1998. P. 215–243.
32. Larson G.E., Alderton D.L., Neideffer M., Underhill E. Further evidence of dimensionality and correlates of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire // British Journal of Psychology. 1997. Vol. 88. P. 29–38.
33. Lehto M.R. A proposed conceptual model of human behaviour and its implications for designs of warnings // Perceptual Motor Skills. 1991. Vol. 73. P. 595–611.
34. Lezak M.D. Neuropsychological Assessment 3rd edition, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. 1026 p.
35. Lezak M.D. Neuropsychological Assessment, 2nd edition. NY: Oxford University Press, 1983. 768 p.
36. Lundberg C., Hakamies-Blomqvist L., Almkvis O., Johansson K. Impairments of some cognitive functions are common in crash-involved older drivers // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1998.Vol. 30 (3). P. 371–377.
37. Luria A.R. Higher Cortical Functionings in Man. New York: Basic, 1966. 513 p.
38. Massie D.L., Campbell K.L., Williams A.F. Traffic accident involvement rates by driver age and gender // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1995. Vol. 27 (1). P. 73–78.
39. Mathews G. Driver Stress and Performance on a Driving Simulator // Human Factors. 1998. Vol. 40 (1), March. P. 136–149.
40. Maxwell J.P., Grant S., Lipkin, S. Further validation of the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale in British drivers // Personality and Individual Differences. 2005. Vol. 38. P. 213–224.
41. McKnight A.J., McKnight A.S. The effect of cellular phone use on driver attention // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1993. Vol. 25. P. 259–265.
42. Michon J.A. A critical view of driver behaviour models: what do we know, what should we do? // Human Behaviour and Traffic Safety / L. Evans, R. Schwing Eds.. N.Y.: Plenum Press, 1985. P. 485–520.
43. Milosevic S. Drivers' fatigue studies // Ergonomics. 1997. Vol. 40 (3). P. 381–389.
44. Mobini S., Pearce M., Grant A., Mills J., Yeomans M.R. The relationship between cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in a non-clinical population sample // Personality and Individual Differences. 2006. Vol. 40. P. 1153–1163.
45. Moeller C.W., Barratt E.S., Dougherty D.M., Schmitz J.M., Swann A.C. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity // American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001. Vol. 158. P. 1783–1793.
46. Molen H.H., van der Botticher A.M. Risk models for traffic participants: A concerted effort for theoretical operationalization. In Rothengatter J.A., de Bruin R.A-, eds. Road users and traffic safety. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1987. 187 p.
47. Mori Y., Mizohata M. Characteristics of older road users and their effect on road safety // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1995. Vol. 27 (3). P. 391–404.
48. Naatanen R., Summala H. Road User Behaviour and Traffic Accidents. New York: North Holland Publishing Company, 1976. 140 p.
49. Odenheimer G.L., Beaudet M., Jette A.M., Albert M.S., Grande L., Minaker K.L. Performance-based driving evaluation of the elderly driver: safety, reliability, and validity // Journal of Gerontology. 1994. Vol. 49 (4). P. 153–159.
50. Perry A.R., Baldwin D.A. Further evidence of associations of Type A personality scores and driving-related attitudes and behaviors // Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2000. Vol. 91. P. 147–154.
51. Ranney T.A. Models of driving behaviour: a review of their evolution // Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1994. Vol. 26 (6). P. 733–750.
52. Rasmussen J. The definition of human error and a taxonomy for technical system design. In Rasmussen J., Duncan K., Leplar J.Eds. New Technology and Human Error. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley, 1987. 331p.
53. Redelmeier D.A., Tibshirani R.J. Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions // The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997. Vol. 336. P. 453–458.
54. Rey A. L'examenclinique en psychologic. Paris: Presse Unversitaire de France, 1958. 340 p.
55. Rimmo P.A., Aberg L. On the distinction violations and errors: Sensation seeking associations // Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 1999. Vol. 2. P. 151–166.
56. Rockwell T. Skills, judgement and information acquisition in driving. In: Forbes T.W. Ed Human Factors In Highway Traffic Safety Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972. P. 106–120.
57. Rothengatter T. Risk and the absence of pleasure: A motivation approach to modelling road user behavior // Ergonomics. 1988. Vol. 31. P. 599–607.
58. Ryan G.A., Legge M., Rosman D. Age-related changes in drivers' crash risk and crash type // Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1998. Vol. 30 (3). P. 379–387.
59. Schaie K.W. Intellectual development in adulthood. In Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, 4th edn. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996. P. 266–286.
60. Schneider W., Shiffen R.M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection search and attention // Psychological Review. 1977.Vol. 84. P. 1–54.
61. Shallice T. Specific impairments of planning. In: Broadbent D.E., Weiskrantz L. eds. The Neuropsychology of Cognitive Function. London: The Royal Society. 1982. P. 199–229.
62. Shinar D. Traffic safety and individual differences in driver’s attention and information processing capacity // Alcohol, Drugs and Driving. 1993. Vol. 9. P. 219–237.
63. Strayer D.L., Drews F.A., Albert R.W., Johnston W.A. Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving // Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2003. Vol. 9. P. 23–32.
64. Strohbeck-Kuhner P. Test anxiety in driving-fitness appraisals: the anxiety performance relationship // Zeitschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 1999. Vol. 20 (1). P. 39–57.
65. Summala H. Risk control is not risk adjustment: The zero-risk theory of driver behavior and its implications // Ergonomics. 1988. Vol. 31. P. 491–506.
66. Sweeney-Burton C. Effects of self-relations techniques training on performance anxiety and on performance quality in a music performance condition. Dissertation Abstracts International, A Humanities and Social Sciences. US: University Microfilms International, 1998. 81 p.
67. Thompson A., Molina B., Pelham W., Gnagy E. Risky driving in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD // Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2007. Vol. 32. P. 745–759.
68. Van Zomeren A.H., Brouwer W.H., Rothengatter J., Snoek J. Fitness to drive a car after recovery from severe head injury // Archives of Physical Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation. 1988. Vol. 6 (9). P. 90–96.
69. Wallace R.B. Cognitive change, medical illness, and crash risk among older drivers: an epidemiological consideration // Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 1997. P. 31–37.
70. Walsh K.W. Frontal lobe problems. In G.V. Stanley, K.W. Walsh eds. Brain Impairment. Proceedings of the 1976 Brain Impairment Workshop. Parkville, Victoria, Australia: Neuropsychology Group, Dept. of Psychology, University of Melbourne, 1978. P. 62–70.
71. Wilson F.A., Stimpson J.P. Trends in fatalities from distracted driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008 // American Journal of Public Health. 2010. Vol. 100. P. 2213–2219.
72. Withaar F.K., Brouwer W.H., van Zomeren A.H. Fitness to drive in older drivers with cognitive impairment // Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2000. Vol. 6. P. 480–490.
73. Woodruff-Pak D.S. The Neuropsychology of Aging. USA: Blackwell ell Publishers Inc., 1997. 372 p.