Психология высокорискового вождения (обзор зарубежных исследований) ¹⁶⁴¹

В статье приведен краткий обзор зарубежных теоретических представлений, эмпирических данных и методических подходов к проблеме высокорискового вождения. Описаны факторы опасного вождения: факторы внешней среды и внутренние факторы, включающие возраст водителя, употребление ПАВ, личностные стили, когнитивные нарушения, эмоциональные состояния, стили реагирования на стресс. Объясняется влияние снижения когнитивного функционирования, приобретенного в результате травмы головного мозга, устойчивых или прогрессирующих неврологических заболеваний на опасное вождение. Изложено содержание основных моделей вождения: мотивационной, информационной обработки, иерархического управления. Отдельный раздел статьи посвящен когнитивным факторам, описан широкий спектр нарушений когнитивных функций, которые могут потенциально ухудшить безопасность движения. Обсуждены перспективы исследований когнитивных функций, прогностическая ценность отдельных тестов, включая нейропсихологические. Сделан вывод о необходимости стандартизации и подтверждения протокола оценки водителей и кандидатов в водители, а также внедрения единого подхода для всех медицинских работников и специалистов немедицинского профиля, в целях преодоления существующих разногласий в оценках при осуществлении медицинского освидетельствования, экспертной деятельности и правоприменения.

Ключевые слова: опасное вождение, когнитивные нарушения, нейропсихологическое исследование

Рубрика: Судебная и клиническая психология в юридическом контексте

Тип: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2016060206

По данным ГИБДД, за период с января по ноябрь 2015 г. на дорогах России произошло 133,203 ДТП, в которых погибли 16638 человек и 168146 получили ранения, из них 15860 детей ранено и 582 ребенка погибли. Несмотря на снижение различных показателей аварийности (2–14%), за последние годы количество дорожно-транспортных происшествий (ДТП) с наездом на пешеходных переходах увеличилось на 2%, количество погибших по вине пьяных водителей увеличилось почти на 16% [3].

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