Between Grief and Pride: Visual Methods for the Study of Intergenerational Features of Emotional Experiences and Collective Memory of the War

235

Abstract

The category of generation and emotional reactions within the framework of collective memory are considered as central categories within the framework of the research presented here. It is assumed that historical events are associated with certain emotional experiences, and the collective memory retains extremely positive or extremely negative ones. The study was conducted using visual methods, in which the subjects were asked to assess their feelings and emotions when looking at photographs of various wars of the XX century. Conclusions are drawn about the most pronounced feeling of fear among all generations of Russians when assessing various images of war; the absence of differences in the perception of the Second World War among four generations of Russians (N = 589 people) in all emotional reactions, except for the experience of pride in the results of the war. Separately, the so-called “Y” generation is described, experiencing the least vivid emotional reaction, including in terms of feelings of empathy.

General Information

Keywords: generation, collective memory, emotions, visual research methods, war, WWII

Journal rubric: Workshop and Methods

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290408

Received: 05.12.2020

Accepted:

For citation: Rikel A.M., Fedorova N.V., Bovina I.B. Between Grief and Pride: Visual Methods for the Study of Intergenerational Features of Emotional Experiences and Collective Memory of the War. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2021. Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 127–143. DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2021290408. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Alehin A.N., Grekova A.A. «Psevdopsihopatologicheskie» formy myshlenija v sovremennyh uslovijah [«Pseudopsychopathological» forms of thinking in modern conditions]. Vestnik psihoterapii [Bulletin of psychotherapy], 2018, pp. 137—151 (In Russ).
  2. Assman A. Dlinnaja ten’ proshlogo: memorial’naja kul’tura i istoricheskaja politika [Long shadow of the past: memorial culture and historical politics]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014. 328 p. (In Russ).
  3. Afanas’eva A.I., Merkushin V.I. Velikaja Otechestvennaja vojna v istoricheskoj pamjati rossijan [The Great Patriotic War in the Historical Memory of Russians]. Sociologicheskie issledovanija [Sociological studies], 2005. Vol. 8, pp 11—22 (In Russ).
  4. Baranova V. A., Dontsov A. I. Kollektivnaja pamjat’ o sobytijah v Rossii XX veka v sovremennom rossijskom obshhestve [Collective memory of events in Russia of the XX century in modern Russian society]. Chelovecheskij kapital [Human capital], 2017. Vol. 11, pp. 76—82 (In Russ).
  5. Bezzubova O.V. Vizual’naja kul’tura i vizual’nyj povorot v kul’tural’nyh issledovanijah vtoroj poloviny ХХ veka [Visual culture and visual turn in cultural studies of the second half of the twentieth century]. Uchenye zapiski Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Gumanitarnye i social’nye nauki [Scientific notes of the Orel State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences], 2012, pp. 75—79 (In Russ).
  6. Boleber V. Vospominanie i istorizacija: transformacija individual’noj i kollektivnoj travmy i ee mezhpokolencheskaja peredacha [Recollection and historicization: transformation of individual and collective trauma and its intergenerational transmission]. Zhurnal prakticheskoj psihologii i psihoanaliza [Journal of practical psychology and psychoanalysis], 2010, no 4. URL: http://psyjournal.ru/articles/ vospominanie-i-istorizaciya-transformaciya. (Accessed: 15.07.2017) (In Russ).
  7. Gudkov L.D. Negativnaja identichnost’ [Negative identity]. Moscow: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye, 2004. 816 p. (In Russ).
  8. Emel’janova T.P. Kollektivnaja pamjat’ o sobytijah otechestvennoj istorii: social’no-psihologicheskij podhod. Moscow: Izd-vo «Institut psihologii RAN», 2019. 299 p. (In Russ).
  9. Emel’janova T. P., Kuznetsova A. V. Znachimye figury rossijskoj istorii v kollektivnoj pamjati raznyh grupp obshhestva [Significant figures of Russian history in the collective memory of different groups of society]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie [Knowledge. Understanding. Skill], 2013, no. 2, pp. 123—129. (In Russ).
  10. Emel’janova T. P., Misharina A. V. Oznamenovanie Pobedy v Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojne v vosprijatii razlichnyh social’nyh grupp [Commemoration of Victory in the Great Patriotic War in the perception of various social groups]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie [Knowledge. Understanding. Skill], 2014, no 4, pp. 220—229. (In Russ).
  11. Levada Ju. A. Sochinenija: izbrannoe: sociologicheskie ocherki, 2000—2005 [Works: selected: sociological essays, 2000—2005]. Moscow: Izdatel’ Karpov E.V., 2011. 507 p. (In Russ).
  12. Mal’kovskaja I. A. Vizual’naja kul’tura: problemy samoidentichnosti [Visual culture: problems of self-identity]. Gumanitarnye nauki: teorija i metodologija [Humanities: theory and methodology], 2008, no. 4, pp. 45—49 (In Russ).
  13. Mel’nikova O.T., Mezentseva A.S. Vizual’nye metody v social’no-psihologicheskom issledovanii [Visual methods in socio-psychological research]. Social’naja psihologija i obshhestvo [Social psychology and society], 2018. Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 42—52. DOI:10.17759/sps.2018090305 (In Russ).
  14. Nechaev V.D., Durneva A.E. «Cifrovoe pokolenie»: psihologo-pedagogicheskoe issledovanie problemy [“Digital generation”: psychological and pedagogical study of the problem]. Pedagogika [Education], 2018, pp 36—45 (In Russ).
  15. Nora P. Pokolenie kak mesto pamjati [Generation as a place of memory]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie [New literary review], 1998, pp. 48—72 (In Russ).
  16. Pavlova E.G. Vizual’nyj obraz v mediaprostranstve i sovremennost’ [Visual image in the media space and modernity]. Sociologija-Sociology, 2015, pp. 108—114 (In Russ.).
  17. Pishhik V.I. Preemstvennost’ i izmenenie obshhih chert pokolenij, soprjazhennyh s ih mental’nost’ju [Continuity and change in the general features of generations associated with their mentality]. In Prikladnaja psihologija obshhenija i mezhlichnostnogo poznanija: kollektivnaja monografija [Applied psychology of communication and interpersonal knowledge: a collective monograph] L.I. Rjumshinoj (ed.). Moscow: KREDO, 2015, pp. 20—30 (In Russ).
  18. Postnikova M.I. Konceptual’naja model’ mezhpokolennyh otnoshenij v sovremennom rossijskom obshhestve [Conceptual model of intergenerational relations in modern Russian society]. Mir nauki, kul’tury, obrazovanija [World of science, culture, education], 2010, pp. 78—82 (In Russ).
  19. Rikel’ A.M. Pokolenie kak ob’ekt izuchenija social’noj psihologii: issledovanie na «svoem pole» ili na «nich’ej zemle»? [Generation as an object of study of social psychology: research in “home” or in “no one’s land”?]. Social’naja psihologija i obshhestvo [Social psychology and society], 2019. Vol. 10, pp. 9—18. DOI:10.17759/ sps.2019100202 (In Russ).
  20. Rikel’ A.M., Tychinina M.I. Mezhpokolennye razlichija strategij mezhlichnostnyh otnoshenij [Intergenerational differences in strategies of interpersonal relations]. Psihologicheskie issledovanija [Psychological studies], 2017. Vol. 10. URL: http:// psystudy.ru (Accessed: 15.06.2020) (In Russ).
  21. Rikjor P. Pamjat’, istorija, zabvenie [Memory, history, oblivio]. Moscow: Izd-vo gumanitarnoj literatury. 2004. 728 p. (In Russ).
  22. Semenova V.V. Sovremennye konceptual’nye i jempiricheskie podhody k ponjatiju «pokolenie» [Modern conceptual and empirical approaches to the concept of «generation»]. Rossija reformirujushhajasja: Ezhegodnik. Pod red. L.M. Drobizhevoj [In: L.M.Drobizheva (ed.). Reforming Russia: Yearbook ]. Moscow: Institut sociologii RAN. 2003, pp. 213—237 (In Russ).
  23. Semilet N.V. Koncepcija transgeneracii kollektivnoj travmy: sposoby iscelenija [The concept of transgeneration of collective trauma: methods of healing]. Vestnik po pedagogike i psihologii Juzhnoj Sibiri [Bulletin on Pedagogy and Psychology of South Siberia], 2004. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kontseptsiya-transgeneratsii-kollektivnoy-travmy-sposoby-istseleniya (Accessed: 07.06.2020).
  24. Gartner S.S , Gelpi C.F. The Affect and Effect of Images of War on Individual Opinion and Emotions. International Interactions, 2016. Vol. 42. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2015.1051620
  25. Gilleard C., Higgs P. Contexts of Ageing: Class, cohort and community. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2005. 358 p.
  26. Hakoköngäs J. E., Sakki I. H. Visualized Collective Memories: Social Representations of History in Images Found in Finnish History Textbooks. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2016. Vol. 26, pp. 496—517. DOI:10.1002/casp.2276
  27. Harper D. Talking about pictures: a case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies. London: Routledge Publ, 2002. Vol. 17, pp. 13—26.
  28. Hirschberger G. Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441
  29. Holl T., Ross A. Rethinking Affective Experience and Popular Emotion: World War I and the Construction of Group Emotion in International Relations. Political Psychology, 2019. Vol. 40. DOI:10.1111/pops.12608
  30. Jones C., Ramanau R., Cross S., Healing G. Netgeneration or Digital Natives: Is there a distinct new generation entering university? Computers and Education, 2010. Vol. 54, pp. 722—732.
  31. Joshi, A. Dencker, J. Franz. G. Generations in Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2011. Vol. 31, pp. 177—205. DOI:10.1016/j. riob.2011.10.002.
  32. Liu J.H., Hilton D. How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2005. Vol.44, pp. 537—556.
  33. Mannheim K. Essays on the sociology of knowledge. London: Routledge. 1997. 256 p.
  34. Moliner P., Bovina, I. Architectural Forms of Collective Memory. International Review of Social Psychology, 2019. Vol. 32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.236
  35. Moliner P., Bovina P., Rikel A. Fedorova N. Émotions du passé et émotions du futur dans les représentations sociales de la guerre. Une étude exploratoire en Russie. Adrips Online meeting, 2020. URL: https://osf.io/7r95w/?view_only=773e613c7f6 c449895cdb8f672958fd5(Accessed: 20.02.2021)
  36. Paez D. R., Liu J. H.-F. Collective memory of conflicts. In D. Bar-Tal (ed.). Frontiers of social psychology. Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: A social psychological perspective. Psychology Press, 2011, pp.105—124.
  37. Rose G. Visual Methodologies. An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. London: Sage, 2007. 240 p.
  38. Schuman H., Scott J. Generations and Collective Memory. American Sociological Review, 1989. Vol. 54, pp. 359—381.
  39. Twenge J. M., Campbell S. M. Birth cohort differences in the Monitoring the Future dataset and elsewhere: Further evidence for Generation Me — Commentary on Trzesniewski and Donnellan. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2010. Vol. 5, pp. 81—88.
  40. Watkins H., Bastian B. Lest We Forget: The Effect of War Commemorations on Regret, Positive Moral Emotions, and Support for War. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2019. Vol. 10. DOI: 10.1177/1948550619829067
  41. Zipris I., Pliskin R., Canetti D., Halperin E. Exposure to the 2014 Gaza War and Support for Militancy: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2019. Vol. 45. DOI:10.1177/0146167218805988

Information About the Authors

Aleksandr M. Rikel, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor at the Social psychology chair, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-4244, e-mail: a.m.rikel@gmail.com

Nataly V. Fedorova, Graduated from Moscow State University, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: fedorova731@mail.ru

Inna B. Bovina, Doctor of Psychology, Research Director, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical and Legal Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology & Education, Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-6199, e-mail: innabovina@yandex.ru

Metrics

Views

Total: 749
Previous month: 32
Current month: 12

Downloads

Total: 235
Previous month: 2
Current month: 0