Oculographic markers of abnormal states of an operator as studied using the models of smooth tracking of a target and discreet appearance/disappearance of a stimulus

The possibility is discussed of using the parameters of oculomotor reactions as markers suitable for automatic evaluation, recognition and continuous monitoring of the functional state of an operator, i.e. driver, traffic controller, etc. We used the models of smooth tracking of targets and discrete appearance/disappearance of the stimulus for experimental evaluation of the possibility of recognition of abnormal states of an operator and the disturbances in work they cause. We describe and analyze the changes in visual-motor reactions under the influence of alcohol, 1 g of 96% alcohol per kilogram of operator’s body weight of, i.e. changes in the latency period of macrosaccades and motor reactions, changes in the average instant speed of macrosaccades, changes in reaction time. The changes in smoothness of target tracking caused by alcohol intoxication were also considered. We identified the oculomotor reactions useful as markers to diagnose changes in the functional state of an operator and to diagnose the operator activity.

1. Avila M.T., Sherr J.D., Hong E., Myers C.S., Thaker G.K. Effects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2184-2191. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.l300265
2. Baloh R.W., Honrubia V., Sills A. Eye-Tracking and Optokinetic Nystagmus: Results of Quantitative Testing in Patients with Well-Defined Nervous System Lesions. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 1977, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 108-114. doi: 10.1177/000348947708600119
3. Bittencourt PR., Gresty M.A., Richens A. Quantitative assessment of smooth-pursuit eye movements in healthy and epileptic subjects. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1980, vol. 43, no. 12, pp.1119-1124. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.43.12.1119
4. Boraston Z., Blakemore S.-J. The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism. The Journal of Physiology, 2007, vol. 581, no. 3, pp. 893-898. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133587
5. Dalton K.M., Nacewicz B.M., Johnstone Т., Schaefer H.S., Gernsbacher M.A., Goldsmith H.H., Alexander A.L., Davidson R.J. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 2005, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 519-526. doi: 10.1038/nnl421
6. Dinges D.F., Mallis M.M., Maislin G., Powell I.V. Evaluation of techniques for ocular measurement as an index of fatigue and the basis for alertness management. 1998. Available at: http:ntl.bts.gov/ lib/21000/21900/21955/PB99150237.pdf (Accessed: 25.03.2016).
7. Dorrian J., Lamond N., Kozuchowski K., Dawson D. The driver vigilance telemetric control system (DVTCS): Investigating sensitivity to experimentally induced sleep loss and fatigue. Behavior Research Methods, 2008, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1016-1025. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.4.1016
8. Edwards D.J., Sirois B., Dawson Т., Aguirre A., Davis B., Trutschel U. Evaluation of fatigue management technologies using weighted feature matrix method. In Proceeding of the Fourth International Driving Symposium cm Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, 2007. Available at: http:drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2007/PDF/026_EdwardsSorois.pdf (Accessed: 25.03.2016).
9. Hartley L., Horberry Т., Mabbot N. Review of fatigue detection and prediction technologies. National Road Transport Commission. Melbourne, Australia 2000. Available at: https:www.researchgate.net/ profile/Laurence_Hartley2/publication/238308422_REVIEW_OF_FATIGUE_DETECTION_AND_ PREDICTION_TECHNOLOGIES/links/00b7d52c7b6bf34a63000000.pdf (Accessed: 25.03.2016).
10. Heitmann A., Guttkuhn R., Aguirre A., Trutschel U., Moore-Ede M. Technologies for the monitoring and prevention of driver fatigue. In Proceedings of the First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, 2001.81-86. Available at: https:www.researchgate.net/profile/ Udo_Trutschel/publication/233389964_TECHNOLOGIES_FOR_THE_MONITORING_AND_ PREVENTION_OF_DRIVER_FATIGUE/links/Ofcfd50al3bf28da3eOOOOOO.pdf (accessed: 25.03.2016).
11. Holzman P.S., Proctor L.R., Levy D.L., Yasillo N.J., Meltzer H.Y., Hurt S.W. Eye-Tracking Dysfunctions in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 143. doi: 10.1001 /archpsyc.1974.01760140005001
12. Holzman P.S., Levy D.L. Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements and Functional Psychoses: A Review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1977, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15-27. doi: 10.1093/schbul/3.1.15
13. Kerick S., Metcalfe J., Feng Т., Ries A., McDowell K. Review of Fatigue Management Technologies for Enhanced Military Vehicle Safety and Performance. 2013. Available at: www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/ GetTRDoc?AD=ADA588261 (Accessed: 25.03.2016).
14. Kuechenmeister C.A., Linton PH., Mueller T.V., White H.B. Eye Tracking in Relation to Age, Sex, and Illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 578. doi: 10.1001/ archpsyc. 1977.01770170088008
15. Lemos J., Eggenberger E. Saccadic intrusions. Current Opinion in Neurology, 2013, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 59-66. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835c5eld
16.  Levy D.L., Sereno A.B., Gooding D.C., O’Driscoll G.A. Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization and pathophysiology. In Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment, 2010. Pp. 311-347. doi: 10.1007/7854_2010_60.
17. Lipton R.B., Levin S., Holzman P.S. Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex, and the functional psychoses. Psychiatry Research, 1980, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 193-203. doi: 10.1016/0165- 1781(80)90036-0
18. Litvinova A.S., Ratmanova P.O., Evina E.I., Bogdanov R.R., Kunitsyna A.N., Napalkov D.A. Age-related changes in saccadic eye movements in healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Human Physiology, 2011, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 161-167. doi: 10.1134/S0362119711010117
19. Marple-Horvat D.E., Cooper H.L., Gilbey S.L., Watson J.C., Mehta N., Kaur-Mann D., Wilson М., Keil D. Alcohol Badly Affects Eye Movements Linked to Steering, Providing for Automatic in-Car Detection of Drink Driving. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 849-858. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.l301458
20. Mialet J.P. Eye-Tracking Patterns in Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 183. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.l981.01780270069009
21. Mrotek L.A., Soechting J.F. Target Interception: Hand-Eye Coordination and Strategies. Journal of Neuroscience, 2007, vol. 27, no. 27, pp. 7297-7309. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2046-07.2007
22. Nilsson M.H., Patel М., Rehncrona S., Magnusson М., Fransson P.-А. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves smooth pursuit and saccade performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease.Joumal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2013, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-33
23. Shagass C. Eye-Tracking Performance and Engagement of Attention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1976, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 121. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.l976.01770010077015
24. Stem J. A, Boyer D., Schroeder D. Blink rate: a possible measure of fatigue. Human factors, 1994, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 285-297. doi: 10.1177/001872089403600209
25. Wright N., Stone B., Horberry Т., Reed N. A review of in-vehicle sleepiness detection devices, 2007. Available at: http:www.neurocom.rn/pdf/press/report_rssb_mssian.pdf (Accessed: 25.03.2016).