Norms and their violation: Literature review

The aim of the article is to analyse classical and modern social psychological studies of norms and their violation. The relevance of this analysis is justified by the fact that the situation of interaction in the Internet space (it is the dominant form of our daily life at various levels, mainly among the young people) is characterized to a large extent by uncertainty. An attempt to understand how people react to this uncertainty, developing a common frame of reference for interpreting what is acceptable and expected, and what is not, directs our attention towards Sherif’s classical studies on group norms formation. On the other hand, the discussion on the classical and modern research lines of norms violation is proposed. The special attention is paid to the alternative research line of group norms violation. The perspective for further research of norms and their violation are outlined.

1. Andreeva G.M. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya: uchebnik dlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii [Social psychology: a textbook for higher educational institutions] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Moscow: Aspekt press, 2017. 363 p. URL: https://biblioclub.ru/index.php?page=book_red&id=104416 (Accessed 20.09.2021). (In Russ.).
2. Bovina I.B. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskii podkhod k problemam zdorov'ya i bolezni [Socio-psychological approach to health and disease problems]. In Tkhostova A.Sh., Rasskazovoi E.I. (eds.), Rukovodstvo po psikhologii zdorov'ya = [Guide to health psychology]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2019, pp. 237–293. (In Russ.).
3. Bovina I.B., Dvoryanchikov N.V. Povedenie onlain i oflain: dve real'nosti ili odna? [Online and Offline Behavior: Two Realities or One?]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological Science and Education, 2020. Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 101–115. DOI:10.17759/pse.2020250309 (In Russ.).
4. Bovina I.B., Dvoryanchikov N.V. Povedenie onlain i oflain: k voprosu o vozmozhnosti prognoza [Online and Offline Behavior: Does One Predict Another?]. Kul'turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2020. Vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 98–108. DOI:10.17759/chp.2020160410 (In Russ.).
5. Milgram S. Podchinenie avtoritetu [Submission to authority]. Moscow: ANF, 2016. 282 p. (In Russ.).
6. Yarov S. Blokadnaya etika. Predstavleniya o morali v Leningrade 1941–1942 gg. [Elektronnyi resurs] [Blockade ethics. Ideas about morality in Leningrad 1941–1942]. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2013. 603 p. URL: https://books.google.ru/books?id=QwYt9ZDWjU8C&lpg=PP1&hl=ru&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 20.09.2021). (In Russ.).
7. Abrams D., Levine M. Norm formation: Revisiting Sherif's autokinetic illusion study / Ed. J.R. Smith, S.A. Haslam [Elektronnyi resurs]. In Smith J.R., Haslam A. (eds.), Social psychology: Revisiting the classic studies. Sage Publications Ltd, 2017, pp. 57–75. URL: https://books.google.ru/books?id=uE96DgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=ru&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 20.09.2021).
8. Brauer M., Chaurand N. Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control: An intercultural comparison of people's reactions to uncivil behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2010. Vol. 40, no. 3. pp. 490–499. DOI:10.1002/ejsp.640
9. Cialdini R.B., Trost M.R. Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., Lindzey G. (eds.), The handbook of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp. 151–192.
10. Digital in 2020 [Elektronnyi resurs]. We Are Social Inc. 2020. URL: https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 (Accessed 02.08.2021).
11. Ditrich L., Sassenberg K. It’s either you or me! Impact of deviations on social exclusion and leaving. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2016. Vol. 19, pp. 630–652. DOI:10.1177/1368430216638533
12. Molho C. et al. Direct and indirect punishment of norm violations in daily life. Nature Communication, 2020. Vol. 11, 9 p. DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-17286-2
13. Dubois N. Introduction: the concept of norm. In Dubois N. (ed.), A sociocognitive approach to norms. London: Routledge, 2003, pp. 1–16.
14. Smahel D. et al. EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online, 2020. 156 p. DOI:10.21953/ lse.47fdeqj01ofo
15. Gelfand M.J., Harrington J.R., Jackson J.C. The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups. Perspective of Psychological Science, 2017. Vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 800–809. DOI:10.1177/1745691617708631
16. Gomila R., Paluck E.L. The social and psychological characteristics of norm deviants: A field study in a small cohesive university campus. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2020. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 220–245. DOI:10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1134
17. Hogg M.A. Uncertain Self in a Changing World: A Foundation for Radicalisation, Populism, and Autocratic Leadership. European Review of Social Psychology, 2020. 34 p. DOI:10.1080/10463283.2020.1827628
18. Wanders F. et al. How norm violators rise and fall in the eyes of others: The role of sanctions. PLoS ONE, 2021. Vol. 16, no. 7, 17 p. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0254574
19. Janis I. Groupthink. In Griffin E. (ed.), A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: McGrawHill, 1991, pp. 235–246.
20. Jetten J., Hornsey M. J. Deviance and dissent in groups. Annual review of psychology, 2014. Vol. 65, pp. 461–485. DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115151
21. Marzouki Y. La conscience collective virtuelle: un nouveau paradigme des comportements collectifs en ligne. In Lo Monaco G., Delouvée S., Rateau P. (eds.), Les représentations sociales. Théories, méthodes et applications. Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Supérieur, 2016, pp. 413–415.
22. Moliner P., Bovina I.B. Introduction: The Heuristic Value of Social Representations Theory. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 2021. Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 291–298. DOI:10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-2-291-298
23. Moscovici S. Psychologie des minorités actives. Paris: Les Presses universitaires de France, 1991. 275 p.
24. Moscovici S. Why a theory of social representations? [Elektronnyi resurs]. In Deaux K., Philogène G. (eds.), Representations of the social: bridging theoretical traditions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001, pp. 18–61. URL: researchgate.net/publication/272622065_Why_a_theory_of_social_representations (Accessed 02.08.2021).
25. Eriksson K. et al. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies. Nature Communication, 2021. Vol. 12, article ID 1481, 11 p. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9
26. Postmes T., Spears R. Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 1998. Vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 238–259. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.2381998
27. Prislin R., Crano W. A history of social influence research [Elektronnyi resurs]. In Kruglanski A., Stroebe W. (eds.), The Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2012, pp. 321–339. URL: https://books.google.ru/books?id=vS0QrvMGwhMC&lpg=PP1&hl=ru&pg=PA321#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 02.08.2021).
28. Wesselmann E.D. et al. Revisiting Schachter’s Research on Rejection, Deviance, and Communication (1951). Social Psychology, 2014. Vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 164–169. DOI:10.1027/1864-9335/a000180
29. Sarup G. Sherif’s metatheory and contemporary social psychology. In Granberg D., Sarup G. (eds.), Social Judgment and Intergroup Relations. New York: Springer, 1992, pp. 55–73. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-2860-8_2
30. Schachter S. Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1951. Vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 190–207. DOI:10.1037/h0062326
31. Sherif M. A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 1935. 60 p.
32. Sherif M. The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper, 1936. 210 p.
33. Sommer C.M. Minority Influence and Fashion. The Model of Style Transformation. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Institut D'études Avancées de Paris. Paris. Hommage à Serge Moscovici: Rencontres de l'European Association of Social Psychology organisées avec le soutien de l'IEA de Paris. Paris, 2016. URL: http://www.paris-iea.fr/en/videos-list/hommage-a-serge-moscovici-8118 (Accessed 02.08.2021).
34. Jones S.E. et al. The influence of norms and social identities on children’s responses to bullying. British journal of educational psychology, 2012. Vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 241–256. DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02023.x
35. Haslam C. et al. The new psychology of health. London: Routledge, 2018. 510 p. DOI:10.4324/9781315648569
36. van Kleef G., Gelfand M., Jetten J. The dynamic nature of social norms: new perspectives on norm development, impact, violation, and enforcement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2019. Vol. 84, 5 p. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.05.002