Skip to Main Content

Experimental Psychology (Russia)
2020. Vol. 13, no. 2, 90–107
doi:10.17759/exppsy.2020130207
ISSN: 2072-7593 / 2311-7036 (online)

The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Perception of Artificial Social Groups with Different Level of Social Typicality

303

M.V. Baleva

PDF (RUS)
Online translation in english
GS
Information
in Google Scholar

Abstract

The study is devoted to the analysis of the role of cognitive styles and divergent thinking in the stereotyped and biased perception of outgroups identified by the criterion of social typicality. 191 participants (142 females and 49 males (26%) from 17 to 22 years old (M = 19.06, SD = 0.98) read 4 variants of stimulus texts containing information about artificial social groups with low and average levels of social typicality, and then filled in methodic forms aimed at measuring stereotyping, bias, cognitive styles and divergent thinking. It was found that under conditions of low social typicality, stereotyping was higher on the background of field-dependence, rigid control, impulsiveness, cognitive simplicity and weak originality. With the increasing of social typicality to an average level, the growth of stereotyping was determined just by the field-dependence and impulsiveness, and the effects of rigid control, cognitive simplicity and originality were weakened until complete disappearance.

General Information

Keywords: social perception, outgroup stereotyping, ingroup bias, typicality of social group, cognitive styles, divergent thinking

Journal rubric: Social Psychology

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130207

Funding. The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project number 16-16-59006

Acknowledgements. The author is grateful for assistance in data collection to Gasimova V.A and Kovaleva G.V.

For citation: Baleva M.V. The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Perception of Artificial Social Groups with Different Level of Social Typicality. Eksperimental'naâ psihologiâ = Experimental Psychology (Russia), 2020. Vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 90–107. DOI: 10.17759/exppsy.2020130207. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Averina I.S., Shcheblanova E.I. Verbal’nyi test tvorcheskogo myshleniya «Neobychnoe ispol’zovanie» [Verbal test of creative thinking “Unusual use”]. Posobie dlya shkol’nykh psikhologov=Manual for school psychologists. M.: Sobor Publ, 1996. 60 p. (In Russ.).
  2. Al’peisova N.A. Kross-kul’turnoe issledovanie mezhetnicheskoi napryazhennosti v usloviyakh polietnicheskogo gosudarstva: dis. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Cross-cultural study of inter-ethnic tension in a multi-ethnic state. Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.]. Almaty, 2010. 201 p. (In Russ.).
  3. Baleva M.V. Kognitivno-stilevye i kontekstnye faktory ingruppovoi predvzyatosti i autgruppovoi stereotipizatsii pri vospriyatii iskusstvennykh sotsial’nykh grupp [Cognitive styles and contextual variables as the factors of ingroup bias and outgroup stereotyping in the perception of artificial social groups]. Sotsial’naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo=Social Psychology and Society, 2017. Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 67—84. DOI:10.17759/sps.2017080205. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).
  4. Kolga V.A. Differentsial’no-psikhologicheskoe issledovanie kognitivnogo stilya i obuchaemosti: dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. [Differential-psychological study of cognitive style and learning. Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.]. Leningrad, 1976. 186 p. (In Russ.).
  5. Panchekhina N.N. Svyaz’ agressivnosti lichnosti i osobennostei sotsial’noi pertseptsii [The relationship of the personality aggression and the characteristics of social perception]. Lichnost’ v prirode i obshchestve=Personality in nature and society. Moscow: Rossiiskii universitet druzhby narodov Publ., 2010. p. 71—73. (In Russ.).
  6. Soldatova G.U. Psikhologicheskie mekhanizmy ksenofobii [Psychological mechanisms of xenophobia]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal=Psychological journal, 2006. Vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 5—17. (In Russ.).
  7. Kholodnaya M.A. Kognitivnye stili. O prirode individual’nogo uma [Cognitive styles. On the nature of the individual mind]. St. Petersburg: Piter Publ., 2004. 384 p. (In Russ.).
  8. Kh’ell L., Ziggler D. Teorii lichnosti: Osnovnye polozheniya, issledovaniya i primenenie [Personality theories: Basic assumptions, research, and applications]. St. Petersburg: Piter Press Publ., 1997. 608 p. (In Russ.).
  9. Boldry J.G., Kashy D.A. Intergroup perception in naturally occurring groups of differential status: A social relations perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999. Vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1200— 1212. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1200
  10. Crandall C.S. Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994. Vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 882—894. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.882
  11. DeWall C., Maner J., Rouby, D. Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009. Vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 729— 741. DOI:10.1037/a0014634
  12. Duncan B.L. Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of Blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1976. Vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 590— 598. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.590
  13. Hamilton D.L., Gifford R.K. Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1976. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 392—407. DOI:10.1016/S0022-1031(76)80006-6
  14. Henry S.E., Medway F.J., Scarbro H.A. Sex and locus of control as determinants of children’s responses to peer versus adult praise. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1979. Vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 604—612. DOI:10.1037/0022-0663.71.5.604
  15. Ji L.J., Peng K., Nisbett R.E. Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000. Vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 943—955. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.943
  16. Kraus M.W., Keltner D. Social class rank, essentialism, and punitive judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013. Vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 247—261. DOI:10.1037/a0032895
  17. Kraus M.W., Piff P.K., Keltner D. Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009. Vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 992—1004. DOI:10.1037/a0016357
  18. Krueger J., Clement R.W. The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994. Vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 596—610. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.596
  19. Lambert A.J., Wyer R.S. Stereotypes and social judgment: The effects of typicality and group heterogeneity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990. Vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 676—691. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.676
  20. Levy L.H. Context effects in social perception. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960. Vol. 61 (2), pp. 295—297. DOI:10.1037/h0043511
  21. Maas H.S. Personal and group factors in leaders’ social perception. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1950. Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 54—63. DOI:10.1037/h0059851
  22. Machunsky M., Meiser T. Cognitive components of ingroup projection: Prototype projection pontributes to biased prototypicality judgments in group perception. Social Psychology, 2014. Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 15—30. DOI:10.1027/1864-9335/a000156
  23. McCrea S.M., Wieber F., Myers A.L. Construal level mind-sets moderate self- and social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012. Vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 51—68. DOI:10.1037/a0026108
  24. Park B., Rothbart M. Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1982. Vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1051—1068. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051
  25. Posten A.C., Mussweiler T. When distrust frees your mind: The stereotype-reducing effects of distrust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013. Vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 567—584. DOI:10.1037/a0033170
  26. Postman L., Bruner J.S., McGinnies E. Personal values as selective factors in perception. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1948. Vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 142—154. DOI:10.1037/h0059765
  27. Pratto F., Sidanius J., Stallworth L.M., Malle B.F. Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994. Vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 741—763. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
  28. Simon B., Hastedt C., Aufderheide B. When self-categorization makes sense: The role of meaningful social categorization in minority and majority members’ self-perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997. Vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 310—320. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.310
  29. Spencer-Rodgers J., Williams M.J., Hamilton D.L., Peng K., Wang L. Culture and group perception: Dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007. Vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 525—543. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.525
  30. Spiegler O., Verkuyten M., Thijs J., Leyendecker B. Low ethnic identity exploration undermines positive interethnic relations: A study among Turkish immigrant-origin youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2016. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 495—503. DOI:10.1037/cdp0000090
  31. Steiner I.D. Interpersonal behavior as influenced by accuracy of social perception. Psychological Review, 1955. Vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 268—274. DOI:10.1037/h0045326
  32. Stephan W.G., Ybarra O., Martínez C.M., Schwarzwald J., Tur-Kaspa M. Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1998. Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 559—576. DOI:10.1177/0022022198294004
  33. Strack F., Deutsch R. The duality of everyday life: Dual-process and dual-system models in social psychology. M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver (Eds.). APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 1. Attitudes and Social Cognition, 2015, pp. 891—927. DOI:10.1037/14341-028
  34. Tajfel H. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 1970. Vol. 223, no. 2, pp. 96—102.

Information About the Authors

Milena V. Baleva, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of General and Clinical Psychology, Department of Developmental Psychology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7334-3635, e-mail: milenabaleva@yandex.ru

Metrics

Views

Total: 647
Previous month: 20
Current month: 12

Downloads

Total: 303
Previous month: 7
Current month: 3