Skip to Main Content

Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy
2026. Vol. 34, no. 1, 68–90
doi:10.17759/cpp.2026340104
ISSN: 2075-3470 / 2311-9446 (online)

Russian adaptation of the Stress Mindset Measure-General (SMM-G)

 
Audio is AI-generated
1

, ,

PDF (RUS)
Online translation in english
GS
Information
in Google Scholar
Metrics

Abstract

Objective. The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate the Russian-language version of the Stress Mindset Measure-General (SMM-G) questionnaire. Method. The study involved 565 participants: 336 men and 229 women; 387 cadets and 178 students. 315 participants completed the provided questionnaires and were included in the discriminant validity analysis of the SMM-G. The retesting sample consisted of 189 individuals who completed the SMM-G questionnaire one month after the initial testing. The study participants completed the Russian-language versions of the following questionnaires: SMM-G, The Perceived Stress Scale-10 by V.A. Ababkov et al., the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory adapted by Yu.L. Khanin, Hardiness Survey modified by E.N. Osin and E.I. Rasskazova, The Scheier and Carver Life Orientation Test adapted by T.O. Gordeeva et al., The Badner Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale adapted by T.V. Kornilova and M.A. Chumakova, and the short form of The Wells and Cartwright-Hatton Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire adapted by N.A. Sirota et al. Results. The adapted questionnaire has good internal reliability (α = 0,81 for the questionnaire as a whole, 0,81 and 0,80 − for the two scales, respectively), test-retest reliability (α = 0,73 for the questionnaire as a whole, 0,62 and 0,60 − for the two scales, respectively) and construct discriminant validity. The factor structure of the adapted SMM-G uncovers two factors characterized as stress activates and stress disorganizes. The study provides normative data for both factors. Conclusion. The “stress mindset” construct is shown to be a significant factor mediating reactions to stress. The Russian-language version of the SMM-G is valid, reliable, and can be recommended for assessing this construct. As SMM-G was developed using an age-homogeneous sample, care should be taken when using this questionnaire on different population.

General Information

Keywords: mindset, stress, psychometric properties, questionnaire

Journal rubric: Testing and Validating Instruments

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340104

Supplemental data. The study database in the RusPsyDATA repository is available at the link: https://ruspsydata.mgppu.ru/items/630675da-95cb-41fa-ae8e-fcda69d91ff7

Received 06.08.2025

Revised 13.08.2025

Accepted

Published

For citation: Lebedeva, N.A., Solenova, E.N., Solenov, I.V. (2026). Russian adaptation of the Stress Mindset Measure-General (SMM-G). Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 34(1), 68–90. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340104

© Lebedeva N.A., Solenova E.N., Solenov I.V., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

References

  1. Абабков, В.А. и др. (2016). Валидизация русскоязычной версии опросника «Шкала воспринимаемого стресса-10». Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета, Психология, 2, 6—15. https://psyjournal.spbu.ru/article/view/3773 Ababkov, V.A. et al. (2016). Validation of the Russian version of the questionnaire «Scale of perceived stress—10». Bulletin of Saint Petersburg University, Psychology, 2, 6—15. (In Russ.). https://psyjournal.spbu.ru/article/view/3773
  2. Анастази, А., Урбина, С. (2009). Психологическое тестирование. (7-е изд.). Cпб: Питер
    Anastasi, A., Urbina, S. (2009). Psychological testing. (7th ed.). Spb: Piter. (In Russ.)
  3. Асмолов, А.Г. (2002). По ту сторону сознания: методологические проблемы неклассической психологии. М.: Смысл
    Asmolov, A.G. (2002). Beyond Consciousness: Methodological Problems of Non-Classical Psychology. Moscow: Smysl. (In Russ.)
  4. Битюцкая, Е.В. (2013). Когнитивное оценивание трудной жизненной ситуации с позиций деятельностного подхода А.Н. Леонтьева. Вестник Московского университета, серия 14, Психология, 2, 40—56. URL: https://msupsyj.ru/articles/article/3285/?sphrase_id=60164 (дата обращения: 10.10.2024).
    Bityuckaya, E.V. (2013). Cognitive appraisal of the difficult life situation in A.N. Leontiev’s activity approach. Bulletin of Moscow University, Series 14, Psychology, 2, 40—56. (In Russ). URL: https://msupsyj.ru/articles/article/3285/?sphrase_id=60164 (viewed: 10.10.2024).
  5. Гордеева, Т.О., Сычев, О.А., Осин, Е.Н. (2010). Разработка русскоязычной версии теста диспозиционного оптимизма (LOT). Психологическая диагностика, 2, 36—64. URL: https://publications.hse.ru/articles/67229673 (дата обращения: 10.10.2024).
     Gordeeva, T.O., Sychev, O.A., Osin, E.N. (2010). Development of the Russian-language version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT). Psychological Diagnostics, 2, 36—64. (In Russ.). URL: https://publications.hse.ru/articles/67229673 (viewed: 10.10.2024).
  6. Корнилова, Т.В., Чумакова, М.А. (2014). Шкалы толерантности и интолерантности к неопределенности в модификации опросника С. Баднера. Экспериментальная психология, 7(1), 92—110. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/journals/exppsy/archive/2014_n1/68181 (дата обращения: 10.10.2024).
    Kornilova, T.V., Chumakova, М.A. (2014). Tolerance and intolerance of ambiguity in the modification of Budner's questionnaire. Experimental Psychology (Russia), 7(1), 92—110. (In Russ.). URL: https://psyjournals.ru/journals/exppsy/archive/2014_n1/68181 (viewed: 10.10.2024).
  7. Лебедева, Н.А., Борисова, Е.Н. (2021). Взаимосвязь отношения к стрессу и результатов академических испытаний (на выборке абитуриентов МГУ им. Ломоносова). В: VII Международный съезд Ассоциации когнитивно-поведенческой психотерапии CBTFORUM: сборник научных статей, Санкт-Петербург, 21 мая 2021 года (с. 155—163). Санкт-Петербург: СИНЭЛ, EDN: QMFFNP.
    Lebedeva, N.A., Borisova, E.N. (2021). The relationship between stress mindsets and academic test results (based on a sample of applicants to Lomonosov Moscow State University)]. In: VII International Congress of the Association of Cognitive-Behavioural Psychotherapy CBTFORUM: collection of scientific articles (pp. 155—163). Sankt-Peterburg: SINEL, EDN: QMFFNP. (In Russ.).
  8. Леонова, А.Б. (2016). Комплексные психологические технологии управления стрессом и оценка индивидуальной стресс-резистентности: опыт интеграции различных исследовательских парадигм. Вестник Московского университета, серия 14, Психология, 3, 63—72. https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2016.03.63
    Leonova, A.B. (2016). Complex psychological stress management techniques and assessment of individual stress-resistance: the experience of integrating different research paradigms. Bulletin of Moscow University, Series 14, Psychology, 3, 63—72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2016.03.63
  9. Леонтьев, Д.А. (2007). Психология смысла: природа, строение и динамика смысловой реальности. М.: Смысл.
    Leontiev, D.A. (2007). Psychology of meaning: nature, structure and dynamics of semantic reality. Moscow: Smysl, (In Russ.).
  10. Осин, Е.Н., Рассказова, Е.И. (2013). Краткая версия теста жизнестойкости: психометрические характеристики и применение в организационном контексте. Вестник Московского университета, серия 14, Психология, 2, 147—165. EDN: QCTPYN. http://msupsyj.ru/pdf/vestnik_2013_2/vestnik_2013-2_147-165.Pdf
    Osin, E.N., Rasskazova, E.I. (2013). Short version of the Hardiness Survey: psychometric characteristics and application in an organizational context. Bulletin of Moscow University, Series 14, Psychology, 2, 147—165. EDN: QCTPYN (In Russ.). http://msupsyj.ru/pdf/vestnik_2013_2/vestnik_2013-2_147-165.Pdf
  11. Прохоров, А.О. (Ред.). (2004). Практикум по психологии состояний: Учебное пособие. СПб: Речь.
    Prokhorov A.O. (Ed.). (2004). A workshop on the psychology of states: textbook. St. Petersburg: Speech. (In Russ.)
  12. Сирота, Н.А. и др. (2018). Апробация краткой версии опросника метакогнитивных убеждений на русскоязычной выборке. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 15(2), 307—325. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-2-307-325
    Sirota, N.A. et al. (2018). Approbation of the Short Version Questionnaire Metacognitive Belief in Russian-Speaking Population. The Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 15(2), 307—325. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-2-307-325
  13. Blascovich, J., Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press, 28, 1—51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60235-X
  14. Bollen K.A. (2014). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118619179
  15. Crum, A.J., Jamieson, J.P., Akinola, M. (2020). Optimizing stress: An integrated intervention for regulating stress responses. Emotion, 20(1), 120—125. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000670
  16. Crum, A.J., Salovey, P., Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(4), 716—733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201
  17. Crum, A. J. et al. (2017). The role of stress mindset in shaping cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to challenging and threatening stress. Anxiety, stress, & coping, 30(4), 379—395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585
  18. Dweck, C.S. (2008). Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change. Current directions in psychological science, 17(6), 391—394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00612.x
  19. Dweck, C.S., Chiu C., Hong Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A word from two perspectives. Psychological inquiry, 6(4), 267—285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
  20. Huebschmann, N.A., Sheets, E.S. (2020). The right mindset: stress mindset moderates the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(3), 248—255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1736900
  21. Iwamoto (Okubo), K., Takehashi, H., Taka, F. (2020). Reliability and validity of a Japanese translation of the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM-J). The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 90(6), 592—602. https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.90.18229
  22. Jamieson, J. P. et al. (2018). Optimizing stress responses with reappraisal and mindset interventions: An integrated model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(3), 245—261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1442615
  23. Jenkins, A., Weeks, M.S., Hard, B.M. (2021). General and specific stress mindsets: Links with college student health and academic performance. PloS ONE, 16(9), e0256351. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256351
  24. Karampas, K. et al. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM) in a Greek sample. Psychology, 11(8), 1185—1199. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2020.118079
  25. Keech, J.J. et al. (2020). The association between stress mindset and physical and psychological wellbeing: Testing a stress beliefs model in police officers. Psychology & Health, 35(11), 1306—1325. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1743841
  26. Keech, J.J. et al. (2018). The influence of university students’ stress mindsets on health and performance outcomes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(12), 1046—1059. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay008
  27. Lazarus, R.S., Speisman, J.C., Mordkoff, A.M. (1963). The relationship between autonomic indicators of psychological stress: Heart rate and skin conductance. Psychosomatic medicine, 25(1), 19—30. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-196301000-00004
  28. Mierzejewska-Floreani, D., Banaszkiewicz, M., Gruszczyńska, E. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Stress Mindset Measure in the Polish population. Plos ONE, 17(3): e0264853. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264853
  29. Seery, M.D. (2013). The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat: Using the heart to measure the mind. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(9), 637—653. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12052

Information About the Authors

Natalia A. Lebedeva, independent researcher, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-8774, e-mail: nattalea@mail.ru

Ekaterina N. Solenova, independent researcher, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5187-7937, e-mail: ek.solenova@yandex.ru

Igor V. Solenov, independent researcher, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6966-9104, e-mail: thesouldoctor@mail.ru

Metrics

 Web Views

Whole time: 2
Previous month: 0
Current month: 2

 PDF Downloads

Whole time: 1
Previous month: 0
Current month: 1

 Total

Whole time: 3
Previous month: 0
Current month: 3