Some Features of Verbal-Logical Thinking in the Norm and in Schizotypic Disorder (Using the Example of the Fourth Extra Technique)

Тhis article is devoted to the study of the features of thinking in modern subjects in the group of practical norms. Two interrelated problems were posed: using the modified classical pathopsychological technique " Fourth Extra" to analyze the features of thinking in a modern sample of healthy men and women in a wide age range from 17 to 70 years; The second task is to analyze the same features in a narrowly aged sample of patients with schizotypic disorder of adolescence (17-28 years). The results of the research showed that, in the modern sample, the character of the actualized features has changed, on the basis of which a generalization is made. An essential example: as the study showed, at the present time the criteria "edible-inedible", "animate-inanimate" became either less frequent, or lost the same significance as in the 1960s-1970s, when classical studies were conducted by T.K. Meleshko. Now the other functional signs of objects come to the fore: motion, size, texture, etc. Comparison of the data of healthy subjects and their peers with schizotypic disorder did not reveal significant differences in the standard score (based on new normative data) in the Fourth Extra technique. Apparently, this reflects a shift, primarily in the normative sample, in connection with the new social development situation. The obtained data require consideration when conducting diagnostic clinical and psychological research.

1. Anan'ev B.G. Izbrannye psihologicheskie trudy [Selected psychological works]. Vol. 1. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1980. 230 p.
2. Belopol'skaja N.L. Iskljuchenie predmetov (chetvertyj lishnij) modificirovannaja psihodiagnosticheskaja metodika [ Exception of subjects (the fourth superfluous) the modified psychodiagnostic technique] Moscow: Kogito-centr, 2006. 30 p.
3. Vygotskij L.S. Myshlenie i rech' [ Thinking and speaking] / G.V. Shelgurova (ed.)  Labirint, 1999. 352 p.
4. Zvereva N.V. Psihoprofilaktika u bol'nyh shizofreniej detej po dannym dinamicheskogo patopsihologicheskogo obsledovanija [Psychoprophylaxis in children with schizophrenia according to the dynamic pathopsychological examination]. In Profilaktika nervno-psihicheskih zabolevanij. Materialy konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem [Prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases. Materials of the conference with international participation]. Tomsk, 1993.
5. Zvereva N.V., Kaz'mina O.Ju., Karimulina E.G. Patopsihologija detskogo i junosheskogo vozrasta [Pathopsychology of children and adolescents]. Moscow: Akademija, 2008. 208 p.
6. Zvereva N.V., Hromov A.I. Vozrastnaja dinamika kognitivnogo deficita u detej i podrostkov pri rasstrojstvah shizofrenicheskogo spectra [Age-related dynamics of cognitive deficits in children and adolescents in disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum]. In Moskovskij mezhdunarodnyj kongress, posvjashhennyj 110-letiju so dnja rozhdenija A.R. Lurija: «A.R. Lurija i razvitie mirovoj psihologicheskoj nauki». [Moscow International Congress, dedicated to the 110th anniversary of the birth of A.R. Luria: “A.R. Luria and the development of world psychology”]. Moscow, publ. of MSU, 2012. 56 p.
7. Zejgarnik B.V. Lichnost' i patologija dejatel'nosti. [Personality and pathology of activity]. Moscow: publ. of MSU, 1971, 98 p.
8. Zejgarnik B.V. Osnovy patopsihologii [Fundamentals of pathopsychology]. Moscow: publ. of MSU, 1973. 151 p.
9. Kobzova M.P., Zvereva N.V., Gorjunov A.V., Shhelokova O.A., Simonov V.N. Kognitivnye funkcii, osobennosti social'nogo funkcionirovanija i samoocenka u junoshej s shizotipicheskim rasstrojstvom, zabolevshih v podrostkovom vozraste. [Cognitive functions, features of social functioning and self-esteem in young men with schizotypic disorder, who became ill during adolescence]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii imeni
   S.S. Korsakova [Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry of S.S. Korsakov], 2013, vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 17–21.
10. Kobzova M.P., Nikolaeva N.O. Vlijanie kul'turno-istoricheskoj sredy na izmenenie aktualizirovannyh priznakov v metodike «Chetvertyj lishnij» v sovremennoj vyborke zdorovyh ispytuemyh [Influence of the cultural and historical environment on the change of actualized features in the Fourth Extra technique in the modern sample of healthy subjects]. In N.V. Zvereva, I.F. Roshhina (eds.) Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii 14–15 fevralja 2013 goda «Teoreticheskie i prikladnye problemy medicinskoj (klinicheskoj) psihologii» [Materials of the scientific-practical conference on February 14-15, 2013 "Theoretical and applied problems of medical (clinical) psychology"]. Moscow, 2013,
    pp. 64–65.
11. Kritskaja V.P., Meleshko T.K., Poljakov Ju.F. Patologija psihicheskoj dejatel'nosti pri shizofrenii: motivacija, obshhenie, poznanie [Pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia: motivation, communication, cognition]. Moscow: publ. of MSU, 1991. 256 p.
12. Kritskaja V.P., Savina T.D. Issledovanie nekotoryh osobennostej poznavatel'noj dejatel'nosti, obuslovlennyh formirovaniem shizofrenicheskogo defekta [Research of some features of cognitive activity, caused by the formation of a schizophrenic defect].
    In Ju.F. Poljakov (ed.) Eksperimental'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya patologii psikhicheskoi deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii. Trudy instituta psikhiatrii AMN SSSR [Experimental-psychological studies of the pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
    Vol. 1]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 122–149.
13. Kritskaja V.P., Meleshko T.K. Patopsihologija shizofrenii [Pathopsychology of schizophrenia]. Moscow: IP RAN, 2015. 392 p.
14. Lejtes N.S. Problema obshhih sposobnostej v vozrastnom aspekte. [The problem of general abilities in the age aspect]. Voprosy psihologii [Questions of Psychology], 1969, no. 2, pp. 15–23.
15. Meleshko T.K. Ob osobom tipe formirovanija poznavatel'noj dejatel'nosti pri shizofrenii [On the special type of formation of cognitive activity in schizophrenia].
    In Ju.F. Poljakov (ed.) Eksperimental'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya patologii psikhicheskoi deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii. Trudy instituta psikhiatrii AMN SSSR [Experimental-psychological studies of the pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
    Vol. 1]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 69–89.
16. Meleshko T.K. Osobennosti aktualizacii znanij bol'nymi shizofreniej v processe myshlenija Diss. kand. pedagogicheskih nauk (po psihologii). [Features of actualization of knowledge of patients with schizophrenia in the process of thinking. PhD in Psychology]. Moscow, 1966. 196 p.
17. Meleshko T.K., Kritskaja V.P., Litvak V.A. Patologija poznavatel'noj dejatel'nosti i problemy ee obuslovlennosti pri shizofrenii. [ Pathology of cognitive activity and problems of its conditionality in schizophrenia]. In Ju.F. Poljakov (ed.) Eksperimental'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya patologii psikhicheskoi deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii. Trudy instituta psikhiatrii AMN SSSR [Experimental-psychological studies of the pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Vol. 1]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 28–59.
18. Poljakov Ju. F. Patologija poznavatel'noj dejatel'nosti pri shizofrenii [Pathology of cognitive activity in schizophrenia]. Moscow: Medicina, 1974, 86 p.
19. Poljakov Ju. F. Problemy i perspektivy jeksperimental'no-psihologicheskih issledovanij shizofrenii. [Problems and Prospects of Experimental Psychological Studies of Schizophrenia]. In Ju.F. Poljakov (ed.) Eksperimental'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya patologii psikhicheskoi deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii. Trudy instituta psikhiatrii AMN SSSR [Experimental-psychological studies of the pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
    Vol. 1]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 5–28.
20. Rubinshtejn S.Ja. Jeksperimental'nye metodiki patopsihologii i opyt ih primenenija v klinike: prakticheskoe rukovodstvo. Psihoterapija [Experimental methods of pathopsychology and experience of their application in the clinic: practical guidance]. Moscow: publ. of Institute of Psychotherapy, 2007, 224 p.
21. Stepanova E.I. Vozrastnye harakteristiki intellekta vzroslyh. [ Age characteristics of adult intelligence]. Sovetskaja pedagogika [Soviet pedagogy], 1972, no. 10, pp. 67–76.
22. Sultanova A.S., Ivanova I.A. K probleme normativnyh pokazatelej v patopsihologicheskoj diagnostike [To the problem of normative indicators in pathopsychological diagnostics [Web source]. Klinicheskaja i special'naja psihologija [Clinical and Special Education], 2017, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 83–96. doi:10.17759/cpse. 2017060207(Accessed: 29.12.2017)
23. Hersonskij B.G. Klinicheskaja psihodiagnostika myshlenija [Clinical psychodiagnosis of thinking]. Moscow: Smysl, 2014. 287 p.
24. Hromov A.I. Dinamika kognitivnogo razvitija u detej i podrostkov pri jendogennoj psihicheskoj patologii. Avtoref. dis. kand. psihol. nauk. [Dynamics of cognitive development in children and adolescents with endogenous mental pathology PhD. (Psychology) Thesis]. Saint-Petersburg, 2012. 23 p.
25. Jakovleva E.V. Uchet psihologicheskih osobennostej myshlenija studentov v processe formirovanija obshhestvennoj kul'tury [ Accounting of psychological features of students' thinking in the process of formation of public culture]. Obshhestvennye nauki. Pedagogika [Social Sciences. Pedagogy], 2007, no. 1 2007, pp. 69–74.
26. Dickeya Ch.C., McCarleya R.W., Niznikiewicz M.A., et al. Clinical, cognitive, and social characteristics of a sample of neuroleptic-naive persons with schizotypal personality disorder.  Schizophrenia Research, 2005, vol. 78, no. 2-3, pp. 297–308. doi:10.1016/ j.schres.2005.05.016
27. Folley B.S., Park S. Verbal creativity and schizotypal personality in relation to prefrontal hemispheric laterality: A behavioral and near-in frared optical imaging study.  Schizophrenia. Research, 2005, vol. 80, no. 2-3, pp. 271–282.
28. Raine A. The SPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Schizotypal Personality Based on DSM-III-R Criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1991, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 555–564.
29. Trotman H., McMillan A., Walker E. Cognitive Function and Symptoms in Adolescents with Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2006, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 489–497.