Modern life factors that negatively affect nervous system health and cognitive functioning

Cognitive well-being is an essential component of a fulfilling human life and enables effective adaptation to a changing environment. The integrity of cognitive processes largely depends on the health of nervous tissue. Today's lifestyle raises concerns, as despite advances in medical science, the number of factors that impair cognitive functioning is growing. The aim of this study was to review modern lifestyle factors that pose a threat to nervous system health and cognitive functioning. The paper systematizes data on the impact of obesity, physical inactivity, chronic stress, COVID-19 infection, digital addiction, and information overload. Based on current neuroimaging and biochemical studies, it is demonstrated that these factors are associated with decreased gray and white matter volume, hippocampal atrophy, impaired BDNF production, and the development of neuroinflammation. Particular attention is paid to the synergistic and cumulative effects of these risks, their role in the development of insulin resistance and accelerated brain aging. The article highlights the paradox of modern times — increasing life expectancy against the backdrop of a shortening period of cognitive well-being—and points to the need for preventative measures and further interdisciplinary research.

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