Cognitive set in tasks of recognition: general, typological, and individual

Context and relevance. Cognitive set in solving tasks of recognition of auditory and visual stimulus material became the subject of our research. The consideration of cognitive attitudes in a broad context is becoming increasingly relevant in the framework of systemic studies of the psyche. Objective: to explore the options of such attitudes as preferred cognitive strategies when solving problems of perception and cognition of musical passages and a person's gaze. To evaluate the stability of strategies for receiving and processing information about oneself and the world when solving problems of different modalities. To capture the subordination of the distribution of the entire spectrum of cognitive attitudes to a higher-level system. Hypothesis 1. Two factors (rationality and irrationality) determine the range of cognitive attitudes used in both music perception and memory tasks and human gaze perception and memory tasks. Hypothesis 2. The cognitive attitude is global in nature, affecting both the visual and auditory analyzers. The strategies used in the perception task for subsequent recognition of the auditory and visual stimulus are generally the same. Methods and materials. Subjects: 76 people are students of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education. The age of the subjects is from 18 to 25 years old. The gender distribution is as follows: 78% women and 22% men. To diagnose the cognitive attitude (preferred strategies for receiving and processing information), the author's methods were used (“Musical pictogram” (Nagibina, Barabanshchikov, 1994), “Visual pictogram” (Nagibina, Barabanshchikov, 2025). The methods of mathematical statistics made it possible to identify the types of installations (cluster analysis) and the subordination of installations to a common system (factor analysis). Results. Two factors (rationality and irrationality) determine the range of cognitive attitudes used in both music perception and memory tasks and human gaze perception and memory tasks. The results showed that the profile characteristics of the set of preferred and rejected strategies for each subject in the perception and evaluation of musical material and human gaze will be similar with some adjustments. Conclusions. An analysis of the individual results of the study on the perception and recognition of music and a person's gaze showed that the preferred set of perception strategies, taking into account adjustments for general trends, is maintained for both auditory and visual stimuli. Given this fact, we can speak about a system of typologically determined cognitive attitudes, which, in turn, is determined by the general factor structure of human and global cognition.

1. Артемцева, Н.Г., Ильясов, И.И. (2009). Особенности восприятия психологических характеристик человека по его лицу: дифференциальный подход. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14: Психология, 3, 54—65.
   Artemtseva, N.G., Ilyasov, I.I. (2009). Peculiarities of perception of psychological characteristics of a person by his face: a differential approach. Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, Series 14, 3, 54—65. (In Russ.).
2. Артемцева, Н.Г., Ильясов, И.И., Нагибина, Н.Л. (2022). Портрет: восприятие человека человеком и искусство передачи мировоззренческой сути художественными средствами. Вестник Московского университета, Серия 14: Психология, 4, 39—59. https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2022.04.02
   Artemtseva, N.G., Ilyasov, I.I., Nagibina, N.L. (2022). Portrait: Human Perception and the Art of Transmitting Worldview through Artistic Means. Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, Series 14, 4, 39—59. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2022.04.02
3. Артемцева, Н.Г., Нагибина, Н.Л. (2021). «Глаза как зеркало души». Стратегии восприятия и оценки представителей разных психотипов по их взгляду. Человек. Искусство. Вселенная, 1, 130—141.
   Artemtseva, N.G., Nagibina, N.L. (2021). “Eyes as a Mirror of the Soul”. Strategies for Perceiving and Evaluating Representatives of Different Psychotypes Based on Their Gaze. Art. Universe, 1, 130—141. (In Russ.).
4. Барабанщиков, В.А. (2025). Восприятие бимодальных выражений эмоциональных состояний человека: механизмы интеграции. Экспериментальная психология, 18(2), 7—33. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2025180201
   Barabanschikov, V.A. (2025). Perception of bimodal expressions of human emotional states: mechanisms of integration. Experimental Psychology (Russia),18(2), 7—33. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2025180201
5. Барабанщиков, В.А., Суворова, Е.В., Малионок, А.В. (2024). Восприятие просодической образующей мультимодальных аффективных состояний. Экспериментальная психология, 17(3), 30—51. https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2024170303
   Barabanschikov, V.A., Suvorova, E.V., Malionok, A.V. (2024). Perception of the Prosodic Formative of Multimodal Affective States. Experimental Psychology (Russia), 17(3), 30—51. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2024170303
6. Барабанщиков, В.А., Суворова, Е.В. (2023). Выражение и восприятие мультимодальных эмоциональных состояний. Национальный психологический журнал, 18(3), 106—127. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2023.0311
   Barabanshchikov, V.A., Suvorova, E.V. (2023). Expression and perception of multimodal emotional states. National Psychological Journal, 18(3), 106—127. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2023.0311
7. Барабанщиков, В.А., Нагибина, Н.Л. (1996). Музыка и психология. Психологический журнал, 17(5), 17—27.
   Barabanshchikov, V.A., Nagibina, N.L. (1996). Music and psychology. Psychological Journal, 17(5), 17—27. (In Russ.).
8. Величковский, Б.М. (2010). Вюрцбургская школа. В: Большая Российская энциклопедия. URL: https://bigenc.ru (дата обращения: 06.03.2026).
   Velichkovsky, B.M. (2010). The Würzburg School. In: The Great Russian Encyclopedia. (In Russ.). URL: https://bigenc.ru (viewed: 03.06.2026).
9. Масленникова, А.В., Нагибина, Н.Л., Портнова, Г.В. (2020). Сравнение стратегий восприятия тактильных стимулов в норме и у больных шизофренией. Экспериментальная психология, 13(2), 17—27.
   Maslennikova, A.V., Nagibina, N.L., Portnova, G.V. (2020). Comparison of tactile stimulus perception strategies in normal and schizophrenic patients. Experimental Psychology (Russia), 13(2), 17—27. (In Russ.).
10. Нагибина, Н.Л. (1994). Методика диагностики типов восприятия музыки. В: Методы психологической диагностики, в 2 т. Т. 2. (с. 85—104). М.: ИП РАН.
    Nagibina, N.L. (1994). Methods of diagnosing types of music perception. In: Methods of psychological diagnosis, in 2 vols. Vol. 2. (pp. 85—104). Moscow: IPRAN (In Russ.).
11. Рубинштейн, С.Л. (1989). Основы общей психологии: в 2 т. Т. 1. М.: Педагогика.
    Rubinstein, S.L. (1989). Fundamentals of General Psychology: In 2 vols.: Vol. 1. Moscow: Pedagogika. (In Russ.).
12. Reb, J., Luan, S., Gigerenzer, G. (2024). Smart management: How simple heuristics help leaders make good decisions in an uncertain world. MIT Press.
13. Gigerenzer, G., Mousavi, S., Viale, R. (Eds.). (2024). Elgar Companion to Herbert Simon. Edward Elgar Publishing.
14. Gigerenzer, G. (2023). The intelligence of intuition.Cambridge University Press.