Contemporary research on and scientifically based psychotherapeutic methods of treating PTSD in adults

The article offers a systematic review of foreign investigations into posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the past twenty years as well as the findings of the research into the drug-free treatment of PTSD in the light of an extensive systematic review of the scientific literature of the World Health Organization (WHO). The article presents the results of the investigations into the risk factors, the prognoses, the statistical data on the prevalence of PTSD, and the diagnostic criteria of PTSD according to ICD-11 and DSM-V, including the relevant and the most recent investigations into the PTSD and Complex PTSD (ICD-11). As a result of the review, two scientifically proven effective methods of the drug-free treatment of PTSD have been revealed: Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) as well as cognitive or behavioural stress management techniques that do not focus on trauma.

1. Akhmedova X.B. Posttravmaticheskie izmeneniya lichnosti u grazhdanskikh lits, perezhivshikh ugrozu zhizni [Post-traumatic personality changes in civilians who survived a threat to life]. Voprosy psikhologii = Questions of psychology, 2004. Vol. 3, pp. 93–102. (In Russ.).
2. Garanyan N.G. Kognitivno-bikhevioral'naya terapiya posttravmaticheskogo stressovogo rasstroistva [Сognitive-behavioral treatment in: posttraumatic stress disorder] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2013. Vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 46–72. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/mpj/2013/n3/65206.shtml (Accessed 19.12.2020). (In Russ.).
3. Idrisov K.A. Dinamika posttravmaticheskikh stressovykh rasstroĭstv u grazhdanskikh lits, perezhivshikh ugrozu zhizni v zone lokal'nogo voennogo konflikta. Dis. kand. med. nauk [Dynamics of post-traumatic stress disorders in civilians who survived the threat to life in a local military conflict zone. Ph. D. (Medicine) diss.]. Moscow, 2002. 184 p. (In Russ.).
4. Tarabrina T.V. et al. Intensivnyi stress v kontekste psikhologicheskoi bezopasnosti [Intense stress in the context of psychological safety]. Moscow: Institut psikhologii RAN, 2017. 344 p. (In Russ.).
5. Turkington D. et al. Kognitivno-bikhevioral'naya psikhoterapiya shizofrenii: dokazatel'stva effektivnosti i osnovnye tekhniki raboty s gallyutsinatsiyami i bredom [Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for schizophrenia: evidence of effectiveness and basic techniques for working with hallucinations and delusions] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Sovremennaya terapiya psikhicheskikh rasstroistv [Modern therapy of mental disorders], 2011. Vol. 1, pp. 25–32. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=20299397 (Accessed 19.12.2020). (In Russ.).
6. Padun M.A. Osobennosti bazisnykh ubezhdeniĭ u lits, perezhivshikh travmaticheskiĭ stress. Dis. kand. psikhol. Nauk [Features of basic beliefs in persons who have experienced traumatic stress. Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.]. Moscow, 2003. 159 p. (In Russ.).
7. Prashko Ya., Mozhny P., Shlepetski M. Kognitivno-bikhevioral'naya terapiya psikhicheskikh rasstroistv [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Mental Disorders]. Moscow: Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovanii, 2015. 1072 p. (In Russ.).
8. Pushkarev A.L., Domoratskiĭ V.A., Gordeeva E.G. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe rasstroistvo: diagnostika, psikhofarmakoterapiya, psikhoterapiya [Post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy]. In Kazachenko B.D. (ed.). Moscow: Izd-vo Instituta psikhoterapii, 2000. 128 p. (In Russ.).
9. Tarabrina N.V. Praktikum po psikhologii posttravmaticheskogo stressa [Workshop on the Psychology of Post-Traumatic Stress]. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2001. 272 p. (In Russ.).
10. Tarabrina N.V. Psikhologiya posttravmaticheskogo stressa: teoriya i praktika [Psychology of post-traumatic stress: theory and practice]. Moscow: Institut psikhologii RAN, 2009. 304 p. (In Russ.).
11. Kholmogorova A.B. Kognitivno-bikhevioral'nye modeli i metody lecheniya generalizovannogo trevozhnogo rasstroistva [Cognitive-behavioral models and methods of treatment of generalized anxiety disorder]. Sovremennaya terapiya psikhicheskikh rasstroistv = Modern therapy of mental disorders, 2014. Vol. 1, pp. 19–26. (In Russ.).
12. Shapiro F. Psikhoterapiya emotsional'nykh travm s pomoshch'yu dvizheniĭ glaz: osnovnye printsipy, protokoly i protsedury [Psychotherapy of emotional trauma with eye movements: basic principles, protocols and procedures]. Moscow: Klass, 1998. 491 p. (In Russ.).
13. Wisco B.E. et al. A comparison of ICD-11 and DSM criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in two national samples of U.S. military MARK veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2017. Vol. 223, pp. 17–19. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.006
14. Brewin C.R. et al. A review of current evidence regarding the ICD‐11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 2017. Vol. 58, pp. 1–15. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09
15. Maercker A. et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 2013. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 198–206. DOI:10.1002/wps.20057
16. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. 991 p.
17. Keeley J.W. et al. Disorders specifically associated with stress: a case-controlled field study for ICD-11 mental and behavioural disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 2016. Vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 109–127. DOI:10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.09.002
18. Cloitre M. et al. Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2013. Vol. 4, no. 1, article ID 20706, 13 p. DOI:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706
19. Karatzias T. et al. Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD‐11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD‐TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 2017. Vol. 207, pp. 181–187. DOI:10.1016/j. jad.2016.09.032
20. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress [Elektronnyi resurs]. Geneva: WHO, 2013. 273 p. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85119/9789241505406_eng.pdf (Accessed 19.12.2020).
21. Kajantie E., Phillips D.I.W. The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2006. Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 151–178. DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.002
22. Hansen M. et al. Less is more? Assessing the validity of the ICD-11 model of PTSD across multiple trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2015. Vol. 6, no. 1, article ID 28766, 12 p. DOI:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28766
23. Hogberg G. et al. On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers - A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2007. Vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 54–61. DOI:10.1080/08039480601129408
24. McLay R.N. et al. Outcomes From Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Active-Duty Service Members With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2016. Vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 702–708. DOI:10.1037/tra0000120
25. Hyland P. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11: Clinical and behavioral Correlates. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2018. Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 174–180. DOI:10.1002/jts.22272
26. Ben‐Ezra M. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and Anxiety, 2018. Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 264–274. DOI:10.1002/da.22723
27. Smith M.Y. et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: a review. Psycho-Oncology, 1999. Vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 521–537. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199911/12)8:6%3C521::AID-PON423%3E3.0.CO;2-X
28. Cusack K. et al. Psychological Treatments for Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Dis- order: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 2016. Vol. 43, pp. 128–141. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003
29. Karatzias T. et al. PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD‐11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2017. Vol. 8, no. 7, 7 p. DOI:10.1080/20008198.2017.1418103
30. Shapiro F. EMDR therapy: An overview of current and future research // Revue européenne de psychologieappliquée, 2012. Vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 193–195. DOI:10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.005
31. Ganzel B. et al. The aftermath of 9/11: Effect of intensity and recency of trauma on outcome. Emotion, 2007. Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 227–238. DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.227
32. Schubert S.J. et al. The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy to Treat Symptoms Following Trauma in Timor Leste. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2016. Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 141–148. DOI:10.1002/jts.22084
33. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines [Elektronnyi resurs]. Geneva: WHO, 1992. 377 p. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37958 (Accessed 15.03.2020).
34. Sheehan D.V. et al. The Mini-International neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of astructured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1998. Vol. 59, no. 20, pp. 22–33.