The Influence of Risk and Protection Factors on the Professional Resilience in the Helping Professions

The article presents an overview of researches on the impact of risk and protection factors on the professional resilience of specialists in the helping professions which were published over the last five years. In the analysis of the international literature, several main trends in the study of the phenomenon of professional resilience of specialists in the helping professions (SHP) are presented. In particular, the consequences of the pandemic are considered as risk factor for the SHP resilience. It is noted that most of the research papers on professional resilience are devoted to SHP in the field of social work and medicine (nurses, doctors), less - to psychologists and psychotherapists. A number of the papers concern the peculiarities of the formation of professional resilience among students studying these specialties. The protection factors and some components of professional resilience, in particular, "spirituality", are presented in more details. Among risk factors, the phenomenon of compassion fatigue is analyzed, as specific for SHP. Among the protection factors the phenomenon of warmth and competence is parsed. The article briefly describes several tests designed to measure professional resilience, as well as programs aimed at improving the SHP resilience.

1. Makhnach A.V. Zhiznesposobnost' cheloveka i vybor novoi professii [Human resilience and the choice of a new profession]. In E.V. Bakshutova (ed.), Chelovek v usloviyakh neopredelennosti [Man in Conditions of Uncertainty]. Samara: Publishing House of the Samara State Technical University, 2021, pp. 177—195. (In Russ.).
2. Makhnach A.V., Dikaya L.G. Mirovozzrencheskaya napravlennost' kak komponent zhiznesposobnosti cheloveka v sotsionomicheskikh professiyakh [Worldview orientation as a component of human resilience in socionomic professions] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Institut psikhologii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Organizatsionnaya psikhologiya i psikhologiya truda = Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Organizational Psychology and Psychology of Labor, 2018. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 62—91. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_32723937_92397134.pdf (Accessed 21.06.2023). (In Russ.).
3. Makhnach A.V., Plyushcheva O.A. Zhiznesposobnost' spetsialistov pomogayushchikh professii [Resilience of specialists in the caring professions]. Sotsial'nye i gumanitarnye nauki na Dal'nem Vostoke [Social and Human Sciences in the Far East], 2020. Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 68—78. DOI:10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-4-68-78 (In Russ.).
4. Sorokoumova S.N., Isaev V.P. Spetsifika professional'noi deyatel'nosti spetsialistov pomogayushchikh professii [Specificity of professional activityof helping professions experts] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Pedagogicheskoe obrazovanie v Rossii = Pedagogical education in Russia, 2013, no. 4, pp. 186—190. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42051305.pdf (Accessed 21.06.2023). (In Russ.).
5. Kholmogorova A.B., Rychkova O.V. 40 let biopsikhosotsial'noi modeli: chto novogo? [40 years of Bio-Psycho-Social model: what’s new?]. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo = Social Psychology and Society, 2017. Vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 8—31. DOI:10.17759/sps.2017080402 (In Russ.).
6. Blake L., Rouncefield-Swales A., Bland B., Carter B. An interview study exploring clients' experiences of receiving therapeutic support for family estrangement in the UK. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 2023. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 105—114. DOI:10.1002/CAPR.12603
7. Araujo C., Siqueira M., Amaral L. Resilience of Brazilian health-care professionals during the pandemic. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 2022. Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 383—401. DOI:10.1108/IJQSS-08-2021-0111
8. Bersch A., Yunes M., Garcia N. Associations among bioecological model of human development, environmental education and the concept of professional resilience. Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental, 2020. Vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 228—246. DOI:10.14295/remea.v37i4.11157
9. Braxton J.M., Busse E.M., Rushton C.H. Mapping the terrain of moral suffering. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2021. Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 235—245. DOI:10.1353/pbm.2021.0020
10. Brown T. The response to COVID-19: Occupational resilience and the resilience of daily occupations in action. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 2021. Vol. 68, № 2, pp. 103—105. DOI:10.1111/1440-1630.12721
11. Song Y., Swendiman R.A., Shannon A.B. et all. Can We coach resilience? An evaluation of professional resilience coaching as a well-being initiative for surgical interns. Journal of Surgical Education, 2020. Vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1481—1489. DOI:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.04.014
12. Cook L.L. Storytelling among child welfare social workers: constructing role and professional resilience through team talk. Qualitative Social Work, 2019. Vol. 19, no. 5—6, pp. 968—986. DOI:10.1177/1473325019865014
13. Maiorano T., Vagni M., Giostra V., Pajardi D. COVID-19: Risk factors and protective role of resilience and coping strategies for emergency stress and secondary trauma in medical staff and emergency workers—an online-based inquiry. Sustainability, 2020. Vol. 12, no. 21, article ID 9004. 18 p. DOI:10.3390/SU12219004
14. Dağlı E., Topkara F.N. Secondary traumatic stress: How resilient are midwives? What are the Influencing Factors? [Elektronnyi resurs]. Journal of TOGU Health Sciences, 2023. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61—74. URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2738186 (Accessed 21.06.2023).
15. Norouzinia R., Yarmohammadian M.H., Ferdosi, M.Masoumi G., Ebadi A. Development and psychometric evaluation of the emergency nurses’ professional resilience tool. PLoS ONE, 2022. Vol. 17, no. 6, article ID e0269539. 14 p. DOI:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0269539
16. Rahman M.A., Yusoff M.S.B., Roslan N.S., Mohammad J., Ahmad A. Development and validation of the Medical Professionals Resilience Scale. BMC Health Services Research, 2021. Vol. 21, no. 1, article ID 482, 9 p. DOI:10.1186/S12913-021-06542-W
17. Ejaz H. Resilience-building inquiry among high professional profile nurses: A descriptive qualitative study. Journal of Women Medical and Dental College, 2022. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3—9. DOI:10.56600/jwmdc.v1i1.15
18. Roy B., Kumar Anuj, Dr. Kumar Arya, Gowda K.R. Ethical conflicts among the leading medical and healthcare leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 2022. Vol. 17, no. 1, article ID i1491. 8 p. DOI:10.24083/apjhm.v17i1.1491
19. Figley C.R., Ludick M. Secondary traumatization and compassion fatigue. In Gold S.N. (ed.), APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Foundations in Knowledge. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2017, pp. 573—593. DOI:10.1037/0000019-029
20. Fiske S.T., Dupree C. Gaining trust as well as respect in communicating to motivated audiences about science topics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014. Vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 13593—13597. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1317505111
21. Fried E.I. Studying mental health problems as systems, not syndromes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2022. Vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 471—571. DOI:10.1177/09637214221114089
22. Glowacz F., Schmits E., Kinard A. The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the practices and mental health of psychologists in Belgium: Between exhaustion and resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 21, article ID 14410, 19 p. DOI:10.3390/ijerph192114410
23. Hawkins P., Shohet R. Supervision in the Helping Professions. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2012. 304 p.
24. Heitz H.K., Leach M.M. Ethical knowledge, dilemmas and resolutions in professional coaching. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 2022. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 264—277. DOI:10.1080/17521882.2022.2112247
25. American Psychological Association. Helping profession [Elektronnyi resurs]. APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2023. URL: https://dictionary.apa.org/helping-professions (Accessed 21.06.2023).
26. Hemnani G., Mohod S. Palliative care dentistry: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021. Vol. 33, no. 60B, pp. 3515—3520. DOI:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i60B35041
27. Hodges H., Keeley A., Grier E. Professional resilience, practice longevity and Parse’s theory for baccalaureate education. Journal of Nursing Education, 2005. Vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 548—554. DOI:10.3928/01484834-20051201-04
28. Holler R., Chemla I., Maeir A. Disability orientation of occupational therapy practitioners in physical rehabilitation settings: Tension between medical and social models in theory and practice. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2021. Vol. 75, no. 4, article ID 7504180010. DOI:10.5014/ajot.2021.042986
29. Chmitorz A., Kunzler A., Helmreich I., Tüscher O., Kalisch R., Kubiak T., Wessa M., Lieb K. Intervention studies to foster resilience — A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 2018. Vol. 59, pp. 78—100. DOI:10.1016/J.CPR.2017.11.002
30. Joinson C. Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing, 1992. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 116—120. DOI:10.1097/00152193-199204000-00035
31. Kang J.H., Yang S. A therapist’s vicarious posttraumatic growth and transformation of self. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 2022. Vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 151—164. DOI:10.1177/0022167819889490
32. Kaur N., Ricciardelli R., Clow K. Men in nursing: A qualitative examination of students’ stereotypes of male nurses through the framework of social role theory and Stereotype Content Model. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 2023. Vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 157—178. DOI:10.1177/10608265221108209
33. Malandraki J.B. The case for addressing emotional resilience in graduate student training. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 2022. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 105—114. DOI:10.1044/2021_PERSP-21-00116
34. Mallak L.A., Yildiz M. Developing a workplace resilience instrument. Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 2016. Vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 241—253. DOI:10.3233/WOR-162297
35. Martin L., McDowall A. The professional resilience of mid-career GPs in the UK: a qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 2022. Vol. 72, no. 714, pp. e75—e83. DOI:10.3399/BJGP.2021.0230
36. Martin S., Fiske E., Lane S. Resilience education for health-care professionals. Creative Nursing, 2020. Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 225—231. DOI:10.1891/CRNR-D-19-00077
37. Matsopoulos A., Theron L. Resilience to COVID-19 challenges: Lessons for school psychologists serving school-attending youth with experiences of marginalization. School Psychology International, 2023. Vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 123—134. DOI:10.1177/01430343231151591
38. Johnson J., Hall L.H., Berzins K., Baker J., Melling K., Thompson C. Mental healthcare staff well-being and burnout: A narrative review of trends, causes, implications, and recommendations for future interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2018. Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 20—32. DOI:10.1111/inm.12416
39. Michalchuk S., Martin S.L. Vicarious resilience and growth in psychologists who work with trauma survivors: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2019. Vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 145—154. DOI:10.1037/PRO0000212
40. Newell J.M. An ecological systems framework for professional resilience in social work practice. Social Work, 2019. Vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 65—73. DOI:10.1093/sw/swz044
41. Magrin M.E., Scrignaro M., Monticelli C., Gheno S. Occupational Resilience Assets Questionnaire (ORA-Q): A multilevel measure [Elektronnyi resurs]. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia, 2017. Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 302—310. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325905212 (Accessed 21.06.2023).
42. Ondrejková N., Halamová J. Prevalence of compassion fatigue among helping professions and relationship to compassion for others, self-compassion and self-criticism. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2022. Vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1680—1694. DOI:10.1111/HSC.13741
43. Paiva-Salisbury M.L., Schwanz K.A. Building compassion fatigue resilience: Awareness, prevention, and intervention for pre-professionals and current practitioners. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 2022. Vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 39—46. DOI:10.1007/S42843-022-00054-9
44. Norouzinia R., Yarmohammadian M.H., Ferdosi M., Masoumi G., Ebadi A. Professional resilience among trauma emergency department nurses in Iran: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Emergency Medicine, 2020. Vol. 4, no. 3, article ID e77. 9 p. DOI:10.22114/ajem.v0i0.363
45. Sharma M., Sbharwal A., Joshi H.L., Singh R. Resilience among Delhi-NCR first line responders and its links with secondary traumatic stress [Elektronnyi resurs]. Indian Journal of Psychological Science, 2022. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 0109—0115. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366080390 (Accessed 21.06.2023)
46. West C.P., Dyrbye L.N., Sinsky C., Trockel M., Tutty M., Nedelec L., Carlasare L.E., Shanafelt T.D. Resilience and burnout among physicians and the general US working population. JAMA Network Open, 2020. Vol. 3, no. 7, article ID e209385, 11 p. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9385
47. Martí-Vilar M., Tortosa A.C., Sales-Galán A., Corradi G. Resilience and prosocial behaviour in Spanish care professionals of dependent persons. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2022. Vol. 30, no. 6, pp. e6613—e6621. DOI:10.1111/HSC.14110
48. Ratzon A., Farhi M., Ratzon N., Adini B. Resilience at work, burnout, secondary trauma, and compassion satisfaction of social workers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 9, article ID 5500, 14 p. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19095500
49. Münch N., Mahdiani H., Lieb K., Paul N.W. Resilience beyond reductionism: ethical and social dimensions of an emerging concept in the neurosciences. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 2021. Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 55—63. DOI:10.1007/s11019-020-09981-0
50. Richler J. Changing expectations of therapy. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2022. Vol. 1, article ID 623. DOI:10.1038/s44159-022-00126-z
51. Rush E., Redshaw S., Short M. Philosophical and spiritual worldviews and professional resilience in frontline social work and human services: a scoping literature review. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 2023. Vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 193—210. DOI:10.1080/15426432.2023.2166890
52. Tsouvelas G., Kalaitzaki A., Tamiolaki A., Rovithis M., Konstantakopoulos G. Secondary traumatic stress and dissociative coping strategies in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: The protective role of resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2022. Vol. 41, pp. 264—270. DOI:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.08.010
53. Squires V., Walker K., Spurr S. Understanding self perceptions of wellbeing and resilience of preservice teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2022. Vol. 118, no. 5, article ID 103828, 16 p. DOI:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103828
54. Strinić A., Carlsson M., Agerström J. Occupational stereotypes: professionals´ warmth and competence perceptions of occupations. Personnel Review, 2022. Vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 603—619. DOI:10.1108/PR-06-2020-0458
55. Sugrue E. Understanding the effect of moral transgressions in the helping professions: In search of conceptual clarity. Social Service Review, 2019. Vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 4—25. DOI:10.1086/701838
56. Røen I., Stifoss-Hanssen H., Grande G., Kaasa S., Sand K., Knudsen A.K. Supporting carers: health care professionals in need of system improvements and education — a qualitative study. BMC Palliative Care, 2019. Vol. 18, no. 1, article ID 58, 11 p. DOI:10.1186/s12904-019-0444-3
57. Hitchcock C., Hughes M., McPherson L., Whitaker L. The role of education in developing students’ professional resilience for social work practice: A systematic scoping review. British Journal of Social Work, 2020. Vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2361—2380. DOI:10.1093/bjsw/bcaa054
58. Blackburn L.M., Thompson K., Frankenfield R., Harding A., Lindsey A. The THRIVE Program: Building Oncology Nurse Resilience Through Self-Care Strategies. Oncology Nursing Forum, 2020. Vol. 47, no. 1, pp. E25—E34. DOI:10.1188/20.ONF.E25-E34
59. Sorenson C., Bolick B., Wright K., Hamilton R. Understanding compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A review of current literature. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2016. Vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 456—465. DOI:10.1111/jnu.12229
60. Vermeesch A.L., Garrigues L., Littzen-Brown C. Integrative wellness approaches to mitigate perceived stress, increase vitality, and build community during COVID-19: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 24, article ID 16463, 11 p. DOI:10.3390/IJERPH192416463
61. Yang S., Shu D., Yin H. “Teaching, my passion; publishing, my pain”: unpacking academics’ professional identity tensions through the lens of emotional resilience. Higher Education, 2022. Vol. 84, pp. 235—254. DOI:10.1007/s10734-021-00765-w