Some Psychological and Legal Issues of Mandatory Consideration of the Opinion of a Child who Has Reached the Age of Ten Years in Judicial Consideration of Disputes About His Upbringing

In order to indicate the debatable nature of the legal norm of Art. 57 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation — the obligation to take into account the opinion of a child who has reached the age of 10 years, when considering disputes about education by the courts - the features of the analysis by children of 9.5—11 years of age (N=68) of morally ambiguous problem situations are studied. Research methods: compiling a story based on sequential pictures, Dilemmas of L. Kohlberg. It has been established that the majority of children are at the 3rd stage of the conventional level of development of moral consciousness according to Kohlberg. There are more boys among those who are not successful in understanding the hidden moral meaning of situations, and those who, in their reasoning, tend to rely on the requirements of society as a whole. Girls are more likely to draw on their own experience and are more likely to take into account the perceived experiences of another. The above results and conclusions can serve as a basis for improving the relevant legal norm and the practice of its application.

1. Grishaev S.P. Postateinyi kommentarii k Semeinomu kodeksu Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2nd ed. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Konsul’tantPlyus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi? req=doc&base=CMB&n=18540#D9nusFTwB9A009Ru (Accessed 29.06.2021). (In Russ.).
2. Egorova O.A., Bespalov Yu.F. Nastol’naya kniga sud’i po semeinym delam: Uchebno-prakticheskoe posobie. Moscow: Prospekt, 2013. 240 p. (in Russ.).
3. Ilyina O.Yu. Mnenie i soglasie rebenka pri rassmotrenii sporov o ego vospitanii: formy vyrazheniya i pravovye posledstviya. Materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Rebenok i pravosudie” (g. Moskva, 13 dekabrya 2018 goda). Moscow: APPP Publ., 2018, pp. 66–72 (In Russ.).
4. Konventsiya o pravakh rebenka (odobrena General’noi Assambleei OON 20.11.1989) [Elektronnyi resurs]. Konsul’tantPlyus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_9959/ (Accessed 29.06.2021). (In Russ.).
5. Maksimovich L.B. Pravo rebenka vyrazhat’ svoe mnenie: soderzhanie i granitsy [The child''s right to express his/her opinion: the content and limits]. Semeinoe i zhilishchnoe pravo = Family and Housing Law, 2018, no 6, pp. 4–6 (In Russ.).
6. Metodika otsenki urovnya razvitiya moral’nogo soznaniya (Dilemmy L. Kolberga). In Dermanova I.B. (ed.). Diagnostika emotsional’no-nravstvennogo razvitiya. Saint Petersburg, 2002, pp. 103–112 (In Russ.).
7. Pirogova E.E. Problemy realizatsii prava rebenka vyrazhat’ svoe mnenie v sude po delam o zashchite ego prav [Issues of exercising the child’s right to express in court its opinion on cases of protection of its rights]. Semeinoe i zhilishchnoe pravo = Family and Housing Law, 2016, no. 3, pp. 10–13 (In Russ.).
8. Radlov N.E. Rasskazy v kartinkakh. Moscow: Melik-Pashaev, 2017. 48 p. (In Russ.).
9. Rusakovskaya O.A., Kalashnikova A.S., Kharitonova N.K., Safuanov F.S. Aktual’noe sostoyanie i problemy kompleksnoi psikhologo-psikhiatricheskoi ekspertizy po sporam o vospitanii [The current state and problems of complex psychological and psychiatric evaluation in child custody disputes] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal = Russian Journal of Psychiatry, 2021, no. 1, pp. 24–36. doi:10.47877/1560-957X-2021-10103 (In Russ., abstr. In Engl.).
10. Rusakovskaya O.A., Novikova-Grund M.V., Andrianova S.B. Psikhosemanticheskii podkhod k otsenke roditel’skogo otnosheniya [The psychosemiotic approach towards assessment of parental attitude] [Elektronnyi resurs]. ]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal = Russian Journal of Psychiatry, 2019, no. 4, pp. 27–35. doi:10.24411/1560-957X-2019-11933 (In Russ., abstr. In Engl.).
11. Safuanov F.S., Kalashnikova A.S., Perepravina Yu.O., Chernenkov A.D. Metodologicheskie osnovy diagnostiki psikhologicheskogo indutsirovaniya rebenka pri proizvodstve kompleksnoi sudebnoi psikhologo-psikhiatricheskoi ekspertizy po delam o zashchite interesov detei: Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow: FGBU “NMITs PN im. V.P. Serbskogo” Minzdrava Rossii Publ., 2020. 39 p. (In Russ.).
12. Semeinyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 29.12.1995 No. 223-FZ (red. ot 04.08.2020). [Elektronnyi resurs]. Konsul’tantPlyus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_8982/ (Accessed 29.06.2021). (In Russ.).
13. Tarusina N.N. Neskol’ko tezisov o prave rebenka na vyrazhenie mneniya [A Few Points on the Child’s Right to Express Opinion] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Vestnik YarGU. Seriya Gumanitarnye nauki = Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P.G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki, 2018, no. 2(44), pp. 49–53. doi:10.18255/1996-5648-2018-2-49-53 (In Russ., abstr. In Engl.)
14. Kharitonova N.K., Rusakovskaya O.A. Kompleksnaya psikhologo-psikhiatricheskaya ekspertiza po sporam o poryadke vospitaniya detei roditelyami, prozhivayushchimi razdel’no. In Makushkin E.V., Tkachenko A.A. (eds.). Sudebno-psikhiatricheskaya diagnostika. Moscow: FGBU “FMICPN im. V.P. Serbskogo” Minzdrava Rossii, 2017, pp. 601–625 (In Russ.).
15. Kohlberg L. Development of moral character and moral ideology. In M.L. Hoffman, L.W. Hoffman (eds.). Review of child development research. N.Y.: Russel Sage Foundation, 1964. Vol. 1, pp. 381–431.