Disinformation in social networks: current state and perspective research directions

Studying problem of disinformation psychology mechanisms (manipulation of in- formation process), including developing in social psychology way — psychology ma- nipulation in social and mass media. Pay attention such psychology effects as mo- tivated reasoning, that confirms preexisting beliefs, normative influence, homophily, polarization (echo-cameras), negative collective emotions. There are not only theoreti- cal discussion, but also Russian and foreigner psychology, sociology, politology, PR and marketing researches. The ways for counteracting online astroturfing are discussed. Also there are still many psychological factors to be clarified with regard enhanced informal-psychology protection identity, such as, connection between attitude toward disinformation and values, trust, anxiety, social identities and level of social capital.

1. Grachev G.V. Informatsionno-psikhologicheskaya bezopasnost’ lichnosti: sostoyanie i vozmozhnosti psikhologicheskoi zashchity [Informational and psychological security of a person: the state and the possibility of psychological protection]. Moscow: Publ. RAGS, 1998. 125 p.
2. Grachev G.V., Mel’nik I.K. Manipulirovanie lichnost’yu: organizatsiya, sposoby i tekhnologii informatsionno-psikhologicheskogo vozdeistviya [Manipulation person: organization, methods and technologies of information-psychological influence]. Moscow: Publ. Eksmo, 2003. 112 p.
3. Dolgov M.I. Klassifikatsiya informatsionno-psikhologicheskikh vozdeistvii i otsenka stepeni ikh ugroz dlya obshchestvenno soznaniya [Classification of information psychological impacts and assessment of their threat to the Public Consciousness] Obshchestvo: politika, ekonomika, pravo [Socity: politics, economy, law]. Krasnodar: Publ. KhORS, 2016. pp. 47—52.
4. Doronin A.I. Dezinformatsiya, ili Voina v korolevstve krivykh zerkal [Desinformation, or war in kingdom of false mirror]. Moscow, 2001. 23 p.
5. Emel’yanova T.P. Fenomen kollektivnykh chuvstv v psikhologii bol’shikh sotsial’nykh grupp [The phenomenon of collective feelings in the large social groups] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Institut psikhologii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Sotsial’naya i ekonomicheskaya psikhologiya. 2016. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3—22. URL: http://soc-econom-psychology.ru/engine/documents/document195.pdf   (Accessed 08.02.2018)
6. Kalandarov K.Kh. Upravlenie obshchestvennym soznaniem. Rol’ kommunikativnykh protsessov [Managing public opinion. The role of communicative processes]. Moscow: gum.tsentr Monolit, 1998. 80 p.
7. Kovaleva Yu.V., Sosnin V.A. Psikhoistoricheskoe protivostoyanie Zapada i Rossii v XXI veke: sotsiokul’turnye i sotsial’no-psikhologicheskie determinanty [Psychohistorical opposition of the West and Russia in the XXI age: sociocultural and socio-psychological determinants] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Institut psikhologii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Sotsial’naya i ekonomicheskaya psikhologiya. 2017. Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 119—142. URL: http:// soc-econom-psychology.ru/engine/documents/document317.pdf   (Accessed 08.02.2018)
8. KrasnikovM.A.Regulyativnayafunktsiyadezinformatsiivprotsessemezhlichnostnogo obshcheniya. Avtoref. diss… kand. psikhol. nauk [Regulative function of desinformation in process of interpersonnal communication. Ph. D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow: IP RAN, 2006. 24 p.
9. Manoilo A.V. Gosudarstvennaya informatsionnaya politika v osobykh usloviyakh [State information policy in special circumstances]. Monografiya. Moscow: MIFI, 2003. 388 p.
10. Nestik T.A. Otnoshenie k budushchemu v rossiiskikh upravlencheskikh komandakh: liderskoe videnie i korporativnyi forsait [Russian management commands relation to future: leadership vision and corporate foresight] Ekonomicheskie strategii. 2014, no. 2, pp. 134—141.
11. Ryumshina L.I. Manipulyatsii v SMI kak sledstvie «razorvannoi kommunikatsii» [Mass media manipulation as a result of «disruption of communication» process]. Informatsionnaya i psikhologicheskaya bezopasnost’ v SMI [Psychological and informational safety of mass media]. Moscow: Aspekt-Press, 2008. Vol. 2, pp. 226—234.
12. Tarabrina N.V., Zhuravlev A.L. Psikhologicheskaya bezopasnost’: na puti k kompleksnym, mezhdistsiplinarnym issledovaniyam [Psychological safety: on the way to complex, interdisciplinary studies]. In A.L. Zhuravlev, N.V. Tarabrina (ed.). Problemy psikhologicheskoi bezopasnosti [Problems of psychological safety]. Moscow: Publ. Institut psikhologii RAN, 2012. pp. 5—21.
13. Shlyakhovaya E.V. Sotsial’no-psikhologicheskie faktory mediadoveriya [Social psychological features of mass media trust]. In A.B. Kupreichenko, I.V. Mersiyanova (ed.) Doverie i nedoverie v usloviyakh razvitiya grazhdanskogo obshchestva [Trust and distrust under state develepment conditions]. Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom NIU VShE, 2013, pp. 485—508.
14. Shtroo V.A. Issledovanie gruppovykh zashchitnykh mekhanizmov [The research of group safeguards mechanisms] Psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Psychology magazine]. 2001, no. 1, pp. 5—15.
15. Aiello L.M., Barrat A., Schifanella R., Cattuto C., Markines B., and Menczer F. Friendship prediction and homophily in social media. ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB). 2012, no. 9, pp.  1—40.  URL:  https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00718085/document (Accessed: 08.02.2018)
16. Allied Joint Doctrine for Psychological Operations. AJP-3.10.1 [Elektronnyi resurs]. September, 2014. URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/450521/20150223-AJP_3_10_1_PSYOPS_with_UK_Green_pages.pdf. (Accessed 14.01.2018).
17. Bessi A. Personality traits and echo chambers on Facebook Computers in Human Behavior. 2016. Vol. 65, pp. 319—324. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.016. URL: https:// dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3043234 (Accessed 14.01.2018).
18. Bessi A., Petroni F., Del Vicario M. et al. Viral misinformation: The role of homophily and polarization Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. 18 May, 2015. pp. 355—356.
19. Bode L., Vraga E.K. In Related News, That Was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media Journal of Communication. 2015. Vol. 65, pp. 619—638. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12166.
20. Cialdini R.B. Influence. Science and Practice [Elektronnyi resurs]. 4th edition, 2001. pp. 164—165 URL: https://www.influenceatwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Influence_SP.pdf (Accessed 08.02.2018).
21. Del Vicario M., Bessi A., Zollo F., et al. The spreading of misinformation online [Elektronnyi resurs] Proceedings of the National Academy of  Sciences.  2016. Vol. 113,  no. 3, pp. 554—559. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517441113. URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/113/3/554 (Accessed 16.04.2018).
22. Ecker U.K.H., Lewandowsky S., Fenton O., Kelsey K. Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 2014. Vol. 42, pp. 292—304. doi: 10.3758/s13421-013-0358-x.
23. Edelman D.J. Edelman Trust Barometer Executive Summary [Elektronnyi resurs], 2015, pp. 5—6. URL: https://ru.scribd.com/doc/252750985/2015-Edelman-Trust-Barometer-Executive-Summary (Accessed 08.02.2018).
24. Frenda S.J., Nichols R.M., Loftus E.F. Current Issues and Advances in Misinformation Research. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011. Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 20—23.
25. Harkins G.S., Szymanski K. Social Loafing and Self-Evaluation with a social standard. Journal of Personality and social psychology [Elektronnyi resurs] Journal of Personality and social psychology. 1987. Vol. 24, pp. 354—365. doi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002210318890025X. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/65c6/162ff35fc61ea7b59945858f1235e80cdbc3.pdf  (Accessed 14.01.2018).
26. How does misinformation spread online? [Elektronnyi resurs] World Economic Forum. 2016. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/q-a-walter-quattrociocchi-digital-wildfires/ (Accessed 14.01.2018).
27. Howell L. Digital wildfires in a hyperconnected world. World Economic Forum. Eight editions. 2013. 25 p.
28. Johnson M.K., Kounios J., Reeder J.A. Time-course studies of reality monitoring and recognition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1994. Vol. 20, pp. 1409—1419.
29. Kosinski M., Youyou W., Stillwell D. Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015. Vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 1036—1040 URL: 10.1073/PNAS.1418680112. URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1036.full   (Accessed 14.01.2018).
30. Malbon J. Taking fake online consumer reviews seriously [Elektronnyi resurs]. Journal of Consumer Policy, 2013. Vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 139—157. doi: 10.1007/s10603-012-9216-7 URL:  http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1036.full  (Accessed  16.04.2018).
31. Metzger M.J. Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research [Elektronnyi resurs] Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology, 2007, no. 58, pp. 2078—2091. doi: 10.1002/asi.20672. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/asi.20672/ full (Accessed 08.02.2018)
32. Mocanu D., Rossi L. Zhang Q., Karsai M., Quattrociocchi W. Collective attention in the age of (mis) information Computers in Human Behavior, 2014. Vol. 1, pp. 1198—1204. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.024. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260800679_Collective_attention_in_the_age_of_misinformation (Accessed 16.04.2018).
33. Porter S., Birt A.R., Yuille J.C. Negotiating false memories: Interviewer and rememberer characteristics relate to memory distortion. Psychological Science. 2000. Vol. 11, pp. 507—510.
34. Weedon J., Nuland W., Stamos A. Information Operations and Facebook [Elektronnyi resurs]. 2017. Version 1.0 edition. 13 p. URL: https://ru.scribd.com/document/346741164/Facebook-and-Information-Operations-v1 (Accessed    16.04.2018)
35. Wooten D.В., Reed A. Informational influence and the ambiguity of product experience: Order effects on the weighting of evidence [Elektronnyi resurs]. Journal of Consumer Research. 1998. Vol. 7, pp. 79—99. doi: 10.1207/s15327663jcp0701_04. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057740898703651 (Accessed 16.04.2018)
36. Zollo F., Novak P.K., Del Vicario M., Bessi A., Mozetič I., Scala A., et al. Emotional Dynamics in the Age of Misinformation [Elektronnyi resurs] PLoS ONE. 2015. Vol. 10, no. 9, pp.1—22 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138740. URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138740&type=printable (Accessed 16.04.2018)
37. Zhang J., Carpenter D., Ko M. Online astroturfing: A theoretical perspective [Elektronnyi resurs] Proceedings of the Nineteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems (Chicago, Illinois, August 15—17, 2013). Chicago, 2013. Vol. 4, pp. 2559—2565. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darrell_Carpenter/publication/286729041 (Accessed    08.02.2018).
38. Zhang X., Ko M., Carpenter D. Development of a scale to measure skepticism toward electronic word-of-mouth. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016. Vol. 56, pp. 198—208. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.10.023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.042 (Accessed 08.02.2018).
39. Zhu B., Chen C., Loftus E.F., Lin C., He Q., Chen C., et al. Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities [Elektronnyi resurs]. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010. Vol. 48, pp. 889—894. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.487051. URL: http://www.academia.edu/10868808/Individual_differences_in_false_memory_from_misinformation_Personality_characteristics_and_their_interactions_with_cognitive_abilities (Accessed 16.04.2018).