|
|
Fifteen Years After: Methodology and Ethics of Psychological Help to Young Adults Who Survived Terror Act at Beslan School in Their Childhood 438
Gulina M.A.
Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Department of Methodology of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: marinagulina@mail.ru Ramonova A.A.
Psychologist, Counselor, Head of Department of Inclusive Education, Faculty of Psychology, Khetagurov North Ossetian University, Vladikavkaz, Russia
e-mail: ramonovaalena@gmail.com Karlova A.A.
Psychologist, Researcher, Psychology Department, City, University of London, London, Great Britain
e-mail: karlova3812@gmail.com
Main concepts of a theory of psychological trauma including seeing trauma as «a double-edged sword», and a concept of posttraumatic personality growth are outlined. Some new data obtained from the most recent (2017—2018) qualitative study among young adults who survived terror act at Beslan school in 2004, are presented. Issues of potential long-term sequels of unmetabolized trauma; of a probability of a secondary traumatization of a patient under conditions of a directive psychotherapy; and probability of unconscious transmission of unmetabolized trauma to the next generations are raised. Fundamental differences between medical and psychological models of psychotherapeutic help including the differences between discourse of «impact» vs discourse of «reciprocity» are discussed. Fallacy of equating of mental suffering and illness is stressed. Psychological counseling and psychotherapy are considered as a transformation of a latent potential of suffering into strengthening of the ego.
-
Vasilyuk F.E. Perezhit’ gore. O chelovecheskom v
cheloveke [Processing a grief. About humanity in a human being]. Moscow,
Publ. Politizdat, 1991, pp. 230—247.
-
Venger A.L., Morozova E.I. Psikhologicheskaya pomosch
detyam i podrostkam posle Beslanskoi tragedii [Psychological help to children
and adolescents after Beslan tragedy]. Vladikavkaz, 2006. 174 p.
-
Gulina M.A. Osnovy individual’nogo psikhologicheskogo
konsul’tirovanya [The basics of individual psychological counselling].
Saint-Petersburg: Publ. SPBU, 2000. 272 p.
-
Gulina M.A., Gulin F.V. Travma voennogo detstva (Blokada,
evakuatsia, okkupatsia): istoriko-psikhologicheskoe issledovanie [Trauma of the
War childhood (the Siege, evacuation, occupation): historical and psychological
study]. Saint-Petersburg: Publ. Evropeiskiy Dom, 2016. 336 p.
-
Bentall R.P. Madness explained: psychosis and human
nature. London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2003. 565 p.
-
Blos P., Jr. Galatzer-Levy R.M. The borderline and
severely neurotic child. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 1987. Vol. 35, pp.
189—201.
-
Breggin P. Toxic psychiatry. London: Harper Collins, 1993.
578 p.
-
Breuer J., Freud S. Studies on hysteria. SE 1. 1893. pp.
1—17.
-
Casoni D. ‘Never twice without thrice’: An outline for the
understanding of traumatic neurosis. Int. J. Psychoanal., 2002. Vol. 83,
pp. 137—59.
-
Deutsch H. Selected Problems of Adolescence: With Special
Emphasis on Group Formation. New York: International University Press, 1987.
135 p.
-
Ermisch J., Jantti M., Smeeding T. From Parents to
Children: The Intergenerational Transmission of Advantage. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation, 2012. 524 p.
-
Glover E. The screening function of traumatic memories.
Int. J. Psychoanal., 1929. Vol. 10, pp. 90—3.
-
Green A., Kocijan-Hercigonja D. Stress and coping in
children traumatized by war. J. Amer. Acad. Psychoanal., 1998. Vol. 26,
pp. 585—97.
-
Freud A. Infants without families: The writings of Anna
Freud. Vol. 3, New York, NY: International UP, 1973. 711 p.
-
Freud S. Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of
defence. SE 20, 1896, pp. 157—185.
-
Freud S. Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. SE
20, 1921, pp. 65—144.
-
Freud S. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. SE 20, 1926,
pp. 75—176.
-
Freud S. Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE 15,
1916—17, pp. 1—240.
-
Freud S. Repression. SE 20, 1915, pp. 141—158.
-
Furst S. Psychic trauma. New York: Basic Books, 1967. 257
p.
-
Kris E. The recovery of childhood memories in
psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Study of the Child, 1956. Vol. 11, pp.
54—88.
-
Lynch T. Beyond Prozac: healing mental suffering without
drugs. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2004. 316 p.
-
Madigan S. Inscription, description and deciphering
chronic identities. Parker I. (еd.), Deconstructing psychotherapy.
London: Sage, 1999, pp. 150—63.
-
Macksoud M., Aber J. The war experiences and psychosocial
development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 1996. Vol. 11,
pp. 70—88.
-
Moncrieff J. Psychiatric imperialism: the medicalization
of modern living. Soundings, 1997.Vol. 6.
-
Moncrieff J. The antidepressant debate. British Journal
of Psychiatry, 2002. Vol. 180, pp. 193—204.
-
Read J. Untitled presentation at the 15th ISPS Conference,
Madrid, 12—16 June, 2006.
-
Read J., Mosher L., Bentall R. (eds.), Models of madness:
psychological, social and biological approaches to schizophrenia. Hove:
Brunner-Routledge, 2004. 400 p.
-
Sanders R. Principled and strategic opposition to the
medicalization of distress and all of its apparatus. In Joseph S. (eds.),
Person-centered psychopathology: a positive psychology of mental health.
Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2005, pp. 21—42.
-
Shlien J.M. Response to Boy’s symposium on
psychodiagnosis. Person-Centered Review, 1989. Vol. 4(2), pp. 157—62.
Reprinted. In Cain D. (ed.), Classics in the Person- Centered approach.
Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2001.
-
Tedeschi R, Calhoun L. The posttraumatic growth inventory:
Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J. Traumatic Stress, 1996. Vol.
9, pp. 455—471.
|
|
