Skip to Main Content

Cultural-Historical Psychology
2009. Vol. 5, no. 2, 14–18
ISSN: 1816-5435 / 2224-8935 (online)

Levels of Processing and Zinchenko's Approach to Memory Research

 
Audio is AI-generated
1399

,

PDF (RUS)
Online translation in english
GS
Information
in Google Scholar
Metrics

Abstract

In this article we outline some of the main ideas and observations embodied in the levels of processing approach to memory research (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Craik & Tulving, 1975) and compare these concepts and findings with those previously reported by P.I. Zinchenko. There are clearly many similarities between the two sets of ideas, as pointed out by Meshcheryakov (2008). We acknowledge these similarities while also pointing out differences between the two approaches. The field of memory studies would benefit from a closer integration between the ideas stemming from activity theory and those in the Western tradition.

General Information

Keywords: P. I. Zinchenko, A. A. Smirnov, B. G. Meshcheryakov, activity theory, levels of processing theory, voluntary and involuntary memorization

Journal rubric: History of Science

Published

For citation: Craik, F., Lockhart, R. (2009). Levels of Processing and Zinchenko's Approach to Memory Research. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 5(2), 14–18. (In Russ.). URL: https://psyjournals.ru/en/journals/chp/archive/2009_n2/21828 (viewed: 05.12.2025)

© Craik F., Lockhart R., 2009

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

References

  1. Bartlett F. C. Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Oxford, England: Macmillan, 1932.
  2. Broadbent D. E. Perception and communication. Elmsford, N. Y.: Pergamon Press, 1958.
  3. Cermak L. S. Human memory: Research and theory. New York: Ronald Press, 1972.
  4. Cermak L. S., Craik F. I. M. (еds.). Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1979.
  5. Challis B. H., Velichkovsky B. M., Craik F. I. M. Levels-of-Processing effects on a variety of memory tasks // New findings and theoretical implications. Consciousness and Cognition. 1996. Vol. 5.
  6. Cole M. Cross-cultural research in the sociohistorical tradition // Human Development. 1988. Vol. 31.
  7. Craik F. I. M. Age differences in human memory // J. E. Birren and W. Schaie (еds.) Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.
  8. Craik F. I. M. On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B. 1983. Vol. 320.
  9. Craik F. I. M. Levels of processing: Past, present…and future? // Memory. 2002. Vol. 10.
  10. Craik F. I. M., Lockhart R. S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1972. Vol. 11.
  11. Craik F. I. M., Simon E. Age differences in memory: The roles of attention and depth of processing // L. Poon et al. (еds.), New directions in memory and aging. 1980. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
  12. Craik F. I. M., Tulving E. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1975. Vol. 104.
  13. Craik F. I. M., Watkins M. J. The role of rehearsal in short-term memory // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1973. Vol. 12.
  14. Hyde T. S., Jenkins J. J. Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1973. Vol. 12.
  15. James W. The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1890.
  16. Jenkins J. J. Four points to remember: A tetrahedral model of memory // L. S. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (еds.) Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1979.
  17. Kapur S., Craik F. I. M., Tulving E., Wilson A. A., Houle S., Brown G. M. Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: Auditory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1994. Vol. 91.
  18. Kolers P. A. Remembering operations // Memory & Cognition. 1973. Vol. 1.
  19. Lockhart R. S. Levels of processing, transfer-appropriate processing, and the concept of robust encoding // Memory. 2002. Vol. 10.
  20. Lockhart R. S., Craik F. I. M. Levels of processing: A Retrospective commentary on a framework for memory research // Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1990. Vol. 44.
  21. Meshcheryakov B. G. The mnemic effects of P. I. Zinchenko // Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 2008. Vol. 46, № 6.
  22. Morris C. D., Bransford J. D., Franks J. J. Levels of processing versus transfer-appropriate processing // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1977. Vol. 16.
  23. Nyberg L. Levels of processing: A view from functional brain imaging // Memory. 2002. Vol. 10.
  24. Roediger H. L. III, Weldon M. S., Challis B. H. Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger III and F. I. M. Craik (еds.) Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. 1989.
  25. Smirnov A. A. Problems of the psychology of memory. New York: Plenum Press, 1973.
  26. Treisman A. Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1964. Vol. 3.
  27. Treisman A. The psychological reality of levels of processing // L. S. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (eds.) Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. 1979.
  28. Troyer A. K., Hafliger A., Cadieux M. J., Craik F. I. M. Name and face learning in older adults: The effects of level of processing, self-generation, and intention to learn // Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2006. Vol. 61B.
  29. Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
  30. Tulving E., Thomson D. M. Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory // Psychological Review. 1973. Vol. 80.
  31. Wertsch J. V. (ed.). The concept of activity in Soviet psychology. Armonk: Sharpe, 1981.
  32. Zimmer H. D., Cohen R. L., Guynn M. J., Engelkamp J., Kormi-Nouri R., Foley M. A. (eds.) Memory for action. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  33. Zinchenko P. I. Problema neproizvol'nogo zapominaniia // Nauchnye zapiski Khar'kovskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta inostrannykh iazykov, 1939a, vol. 1, pp. 145-187.
  34. Zinchenko P. I. O zabyvanii i vosproizvedenii shkol'nykh znanii. In Nauchnye zapiski Khar'kovskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta inostrannykh iazykov. 1939b. Vol. 1.
  35. Zinchenko P. I. Neproizvol'noe zapominanie. Moscow: APN RSF, 1961.

Information About the Authors

Fergus Craik, Doctor of Psychology, Senior Scientist, Rotman Research Institute, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, e-mail: fcraik@rotman-baycrest.on.ca

R. Lockhart, professor in the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, e-mail: lockhart@psych.utoronto.ca

Metrics

 Web Views

Whole time: 6315
Previous month: 41
Current month: 7

 PDF Downloads

Whole time: 1399
Previous month: 17
Current month: 0

 Total

Whole time: 7714
Previous month: 58
Current month: 7