Professionalization of Empathy: Problem Statement

3597

Abstract

The article problematizes the vision of empathy in the context of helping professions. Empathy is seen as the higher psychic function and as an ability. The working model of empathy as an ability, which is based on the methodological principles of the Russian tradition of the research and development of abilities is proposed (V.D. Shadrikov). The specificity of empathy in helping professional’s activities and existing methods of «professional empathy» development are analyzed. The empathy professionalization concept as a necessary interconnected development of motivational, operational and functional components of the empathic abilities with regard to the conditions and requirements of a particular profession is substantiated.

General Information

Keywords: empathy, empathy development, the helping motivation, abilities, higher psychic function, professional development, professional abilities, «helping» professions, «socionomic» professions

Journal rubric: Theory and Methodology

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2015230511

For citation: Karyagina T.D. Professionalization of Empathy: Problem Statement. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2015. Vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 235–256. DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2015230511. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Agavelyan R.O. Empatiya kak faktor psikhologicheskoi gotovnosti defektologa k professional’noi deyatel’nosti: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 1995. 16 p.
  2. Benesh N.L. Akterskaya psikhotekhnika kak psikhologicheskoe sredstvo razvitiya li- chnosti: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. Khabarovsk, 2007. 23 p.
  3. Bodrov V.A. Psikhologiya professional’noi prigodnosti. Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov .Moscow: Publ. PER SE, 2001. 511 p.
  4. Bogacheva O.Yu. Empatiya kak professional’no vazhnoe kachestvo vracha (na prim- ere vrachei terapevtov i vrachei khirurgov): diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. Yaroslavl’, 2014. 19 p.
  5. Bondarenko O.R. Etiologiya psikhicheskikh narushenii v klient-tsentrirovannoi psikho- terapii. Zhurnal prakticheskogo psikhologa. 2012. № 1. P. 102—120.
  6. Vasilyuk F.E. Semiotika i tekhnika empatii. Voprosy psikhologii. 2007. № 2. P. 3—14.
  7. Vasil’kova A.P. Empatiya kak odin iz spetsificheskikh kriteriev professional’noi prigod- nosti budushchikh spetsialistov-medikov: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. St. Peterburg, 1998. 17 p.
  8. Vinokur V.A. Balintovskie gruppy: istoriya, tekhnologiya, struktura, granitsy i resursy. St. Petersburg: Publ. Spetslit, 2015. 192 p.
  9. Gavrilova T.P. Empatiya i ee osobennosti u detei mladshego i srednego shkol’nogo voz- rasta: dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. Moscow, 1977. 149 p.
  10. Grishchenko D.Yu. Motivatsiya vybora professii psikhologa: diss. kand. … psikhol.nauk. Krasnodar, 2003. 217 p.
  11. Goncharenko E.S. Razvitie empatiinogo potentsiala lichnosti: Na materiale issledovani- ya detei 7—8 let: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. Krasnodar, 2003. 22 p.
  12. Doroshenko T.V. Empatiya kak faktor motivatsii v professional’nom stanovlenii lichnos- ti: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. Khabarovsk, 2007. 24 p.
  13. Ichalovskaya E.A. Razvitie empaticheskikh sposobnostei pedagogov, rabotayushchikh s tvorcheski odarennymi uchashchimisya: avtoref. diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. Ros- tov-na-Donu, 1999. 24 p.
  14. Kaidash A.A. Razvitie empatii v protsesse obucheniya psikhoterapii. Magisterskaya dis- sertatsiya. Moscow: Publ. MGPPU, 2011. 91 p.
  15. Karyagina T.D. Problema formirovaniya empatii. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psik- hoterapiya. 2010. № 1. P. 38—54.
  16. Karyagina T.D. Evolyutsiya ponyatiya «empatiya» v psikhologii: dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk. Moscow, 2013. 175 p.
  17. Karyagina T.D. Ekspiriental’nye podkhody v sovremennoi psikhoterapii. Konsul’ta- tivnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya. 2015. T. 23. № 1. P. 126—152.
  18. Karyagina T.D., Ivanova A.V. Empatiya kak sposobnost’: struktura i razvitie v khode obucheniya psikhologicheskomu konsul’tirovaniyu. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya. 2013. № 4. P. 182—207.
  19. Karyagina T.D., Matveeva K.M. Problema izmereniya i otsenki empatii v psikhoterapii. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie. 2012. № 5. P. 67—78.
  20. Klimov E.A. Psikhologiya professional’nogo samoopredeleniya. Rostov-na-Donu: Publ. Feniks, 1996. 304 p.
  21. Kozina N.V. Issledovanie empatii i ee vliyaniya na formirovanie «sindroma emotsional’nogo sgoraniya» u meditsinskikh rabotnikov: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psik- hol. nauk . St. Peterburg, 1998. 25 p.
  22. Kukhtova N.V. Prosotsial’noe povedenie spetsialistov, orientirovannykh na okazanie po- moshchi: teoreticheskie osnovy i metodiki izucheniya. Metodicheskie rekomendat- sii. Vitebsk: Publ. VGU im. P.M. Masherova, 2011. 49 p.
  23. Nasinovskaya E.E. Al’truisticheskii imperativ. In: Sovremennaya psikhologiya motivatsii (pod red. D.A. Leont’eva). Moscow: Publ. Smysl, 2002. P. 152—172.
  24. Nekrylova N.V. Osnovnye napravleniya sovremennoi klient-tsentrirovannoi psikhotera- pii. Zhurnal prakticheskogo psikhologa. 2012. № 1. P. 81—101.
  25. Poddubnaya T.V. Problematika empatii v issledovaniyakh psikhologicheskikh aspektov professional’noi meditsinskoi deyatel’nosti (obzor). Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya. 2015. T. 23. № 2. P. 9—36. doi:10.17759/cpp.2015230202
  26. Ritstsolatti Dzh., Sinigal’ya K. Zerkala v mozge: O mekhanizmakh sovmestnogo de- istviya i soperezhivaniya / per. O. Kulikovoi, M. Falikman. Moscow: Publ. Yazyki slavyanskikh kul’tur, 2012. 222 p. (in Russ).
  27. Rodzhers K. Empatiya. In: Psikhologiya motivatsii i emotsii (pod red. Yu.B. Gippenre- iter, M.V. Falikman). Moscow: Publ. CheRo, 2002. P. 428—430.
  28. Strelkova L.P. Psikhologicheskie osobennosti razvitiya empatii u doshkol’nikov: avtoref. dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk. Moscow, 1987. 24 p.
  29. Son’kina-Dorman A. Opyt obucheniya meditsinskikh professionalov navykam obshcheniya s patsientami. URL: https://asonkina.wordpress.com/ (data obrashcheniya: 01.12.15).
  30. Teplov B.M. Sposobnosti i odarennost’. In: B.M. Teplov. Izbr. tr.: v 2 t. T. 1. Moscow: Publ. Pedagogika, 1985. P. 15—42.
  31. Tyutyaeva O.V. Psikhologicheskie osobennosti empatii u detei srednego i starshego shkol’nogo vozrasta: avtoref. dis. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. Yaroslavl’, 2002. 26 p.
  32. Khekkkhauzen Kh. Motivatsiya i deyatel’nost’: v 2 t. T. 1. Moscow: Publ. Pedagogika, 1986. 408 p. (in Russ).
  33. Chaldini R., Kenrik D., Neiberg S. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya: Poimi drugikh, chtoby po- nyat’ sebya! St. Petersburg: Publ. praim—EVROZNAK, 2002. 256 p. (in Russ).
  34. Shadrikov V.D. Voprosy psikhologicheskoi teorii sposobnostei. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki. 2010a. № 3. T. 7. P. 41—56.
  35. Shadrikov V.D. Psikhologiya deyatel’nosti i sposobnosti cheloveka: Ucheb. posobie: 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. Moscow: Publ. Logos, 1996. 320 p.
  36. Shadrikov V.D. Professional’nye sposobnosti. Moscow: Publ. AST; Astrel’, 2010b.
  37. Shvedovskii O.V. Mikrodinamika lichnostnykh izmenenii v protsesse ponimayushchei psikhoterapii: avtoref. diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. M., 2007. 17 p.
  38. Shermazanyan L.G. Motivatsiya pomogayushchego povedeniya v kontekste zhiteiskoi i professional’noi pomoshchi. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya. 2015. № 5(89). P. 257—289.
  39. Shcherbakova N.A. Razvitie empaticheskikh sposobnostei studentov-psikhologov sred- stvami khudozhestvennoi literatury: avtoref. diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk. Kursk, 2003. 17 p.
  40. Yagnyuk K.V. Priroda empatii i ee rol’ v psikhoterapii. [B.g.] URL: http://hpsy.ru/pub- lic/x728.htm (data obrashcheniya: 01.12.15).
  41. Batson Ch. D. Self-other merging and the empathy-altruism hypothesis: Reply to Neu- berg et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1997. Vol. 73. P. 517—522.
  42. Batson Ch.D. Why act for the public good? Four answers. Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin. 1994. Vol. 20. № 5. P. 603—610.
  43. Batson Ch.D., Dyck J.L., Brandt J.G, Powell A.L., McMaster M.R., Griffitt С. Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy — altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1988. Vol. 55(1). P. 52—77.
  44. Batson C.D., Fultz J., Schoenrade P.A. Distress and empathy: two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of personality. 1987. Vol. 55(1). P. 19—40.
  45. Blair J.R. Empathic dysfunction in psychopathic individuals. In: Empathy in mental illness (ed. by T.F.D. Farrow, P.W.R. Woodruff). Cambridge University Press, 2007. P. 3—16.
  46. Cialdini R.B., Neuberg S.L, Brown C.L., Sagarin B.J., Lewis B.P. Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson et al. Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology. 1997. Vol. 73 (3). P. 510—516.
  47. Elliott R., Watson J.C., Goldman R.N., Greenberg L.S. Learning emotion-focused thera- py: the process-experiential approach to change. American Psychological Associa- tion, 2004. 366 p.
  48. Hubble K., Bowen K., Moore S., van Goozen S. Improving Negative Emotions Recognition in Young Offenders Reduces Subsequent Crime. PloS ONE. 2015 (Jun). Vol. 10(6): e0132035. URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal. pone.0132035 (дата обращения: 01.12.15).
  49. Hoffman M.L. Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Martin L. Hoffman; Cambridge University Press, 2000. 342 p.
  50. Gillespie S.M., McCleery J.P., Oberman L.M. Spontaneous versus deliberate vicarious representations: different routes to empathy in psychopathy and autism. Brain. 2014. Vol. 137(4). P. 1—3. URL: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/brain/137/4/ e272.full.pdf (дата обращения: 15.11.2015). doi:10.1093/brain/awt364
  51. Keysers K., Meffert H., Gazzola V. Reply: Spontaneous versus deliberate vicarious repre- sentations: different routes to empathy in psychopathy and autism. Brain. 2014. Vol. 137(4). P. 1—4. URL: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/brain/137/4/e273. full.pdf (дата обращения: 15.11.2015). doi:10.1093/brain/awt376
  52. Lamm C., Majdandzic J. The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and mo- rality in empathy — A critical comment. Neuroscience Research. 2015 (Jan). Vol. 90. P. 15—24. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.008
  53. Markram H., Markram K. The Intense World Syndrome — an alternative hypothesis for autism. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2007. Vol. 1(1). P. 77—96. doi:10.3389/neu- ro.01.1.1.006.2007
  54. Meffert H, Gazzola V., Den Boer J.A., Bartels A.A., Keysers K. Reduced spontaneous but relatively norrmal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy. Brain. 2013. Vol. 136(8). P. 2550—2562. doi:10.1093/brain/awt190
  55. Preston, S.D., de Waal, F.B. Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. The behavioral and brain science. 2002. Vol. 25(1). P. 1—72.
  56. Rizzolatti G., Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 169—192.
  57. Smith A. The empathy imbalance hypothesis of autism: a theoretical approach to cogni- tive and emotional empathy in autistic development. The Psychological Record. 2009. Vol. 59. № 2. P. 489—510.
  58. Stein E. On the problem of empathy. Washington, DC: ICS Publications, 1989. 135 p.
  59. Taylor Z.E., Eisenberg N., Spinrad T.L, Eggum N.D., Sulik M.J. The relations of Ego- resiliency and emotion socialization to the development of empathy and prosocial behavior across early childhood. Emotion. 2013. Vol. 13(5). P. 822—831.
  60. van Baardewijk Y., Stegge H., Bushman B.J., Vermeiren R. Psychopathic traits, victim distress and aggression in children. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry. 2009. Vol. 50(6). P. 718—725.
  61. Vignemont F., Singer T. The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2006. Vol. 10(10). P. 435—441.

Information About the Authors

Tatyana D. Karyagina, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor of the Department of Individual and Group Psychotherapy, Faculty of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, online-school "Psychodemia", Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-0839, e-mail: kartan18@gmail.com

Metrics

Views

Total: 3532
Previous month: 41
Current month: 3

Downloads

Total: 3597
Previous month: 19
Current month: 2