Theoretical analysis of scientific approaches to the problem of psychological trauma

 
Audio is AI-generated
0

Abstract

Context and relevance. The problem of psychological traumatization has become especially relevant due to contemporary events associated with multiple societal crises and extreme situations such as military conflicts, socioeconomic instability, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, widespread severe illnesses, and the aftermath of pandemics. Objective. To systematize key modern approaches to understanding psychological trauma within both Russian and international academic literature. Methods and materials. This paper employs theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific publications addressing psychological traumatization from the last twenty years. Results. The article outlines contemporary Russian and foreign scientific perspectives on psychological trauma. The approaches to post-traumatic stress by N.V. Tarabrina, the procedural model by N.E. Kharlamenkova, the multiresource coping model by D.A. Leontiev, the psychodynamic approach by N.S. Khrustaleva, M.M. Reshetnikov, the crisis approach by A.G. Karayani, Yu.S. Shoigu, the medical approach by Yu.A. Alexandrovsky, K.A. Idrisov, and others are considered; the basic concepts, theories, and diagnostic tools are defined. Additionally, it reviews psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral approaches prevalent in international psychology. The primary research areas concerning psychological trauma and continuous traumatic stress are also explored. Conclusions. In the most generalized form, psychotrauma can be considered as the result of a complex interaction of personality and unfavorable environmental conditions. Psychological trauma is a natural but extreme adaptive reaction to a stress level exceeding the resources of the psyche. Further research requires a detailed description of the mechanisms of its occurrence, the study of sustainability resources, complex cases and ways to overcome.

General Information

Keywords: рsychological trauma, stress, traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, continuous traumatic stress

Journal rubric: Research Reviews

Article type: research article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340301

Funding. he study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project number 25-18-00895, https://rscf.ru/en/project/25-18-00895/.

Received 07.12.2025

Revised 11.05.2026

Accepted

Published

For citation: Kiseleva, I.V. (2026). Theoretical analysis of scientific approaches to the problem of psychological trauma. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 34(3), 9–27. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340301

© Kiseleva I.V., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

References

  1. Абрамов, В.А. (2013). Боевой экстремальный стресс как предиктор боевой психической травмы ‒ острого травматического стрессового расстройства. Журнал психиатрии и медицинской психологии, 3, 4—13.
    Abramov, V.A. (2013). Combat extreme stress as a predictor of combat psychological trauma ‒ acute traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3, 4—13. (In Russ.).
  2. Александровский, Ю.А. (2024). Клинико-диагностическая оценка социально-стрессовых расстройств. Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология, 15(4), 473—478. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2024.15.4.002
    Alexandrovsky, Y.A. (2024). Clinical-diagnostic assessment of socio-stress disorders. Psychiatry psychotherapy and clinical psychology, 15(4), 473—478. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2024.15.4.002 (In Russ.).
  3. Барц, А.А., Быховец, Ю.В., Казымова, Н.Н. (2025). Методический инструментарий для изучения посттравматического стрессового расстройства: актуальные методики. В: Д.В. Ушаков, А.Л. Журавлев, А.В. Махнач, Н.Е. Харламенкова, Ю.В. Быховец (Общ. ред.), Психология посттравматического стресса (с. 42—48). М.: Институт психологии РАН. https://doi.org/10.38098/conf_25_0495
    Bartz, A.A., Bykhovets, Y.V., Kazymova, N.N. (2025). Methodological tools for studying post-traumatic stress disorder: current methods. In: D.V. Ushakov, A.L. Zhuravlev, A.V. Makhnach, N.E. Kharlamenkova, Y.V. Bykhovets (Eds.), Psychology of post-traumatic stress (p. 42—48). Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAN. https://doi.org/10.38098/conf_25_0495
  4. Васильева, А.В., Караваева, Т.А., Радионов, Д.С. (2023). Психотерапия посттравматического стрессового расстройства — интеграция опыта чрезвычайной ситуации. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 31(3), 47—68. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2023310303
    Vasileva, A.V., Karavaeva, T.A., Radionov, D.S. (2023). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy — Integrating the Experience of an Emergency. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 31(3), 47—68. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2023310303 (In Russ.).
  5. Вачков, И.В., Вирясова, Е.И., Мелентьева, О.С., Панфилова, М.А. (2024). Психологическая помощь лицам в стадии острой травмы (на материале работы с жертвами террористического акта в «Крокус Сити Холле»). Клиническая и специальная психология, 13(1), 155—175. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2024130110
    Vachkov, I.V., Viryasova, E.I., Melenteva, O.S., Panfilova, M.A. (2024). Psychological support for individuals experiencing acute trauma (based on experience working with victims of a terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall). Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 13(1), 155—175. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2024130110 (In Russ.).
  6. Идрисов, К.А. (2009). Эпидемиологическое исследование распространенности посттравматических стрессовых расстройств среди взрослого населения Чеченской Республики на разных этапах военной ситуации. Российский психиатрический журнал, 1, 57—64.
    Idrisov, K.A. (2009). Epidemiological study of prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders among adult population of Chechen Republic at different stages of military situation. Russian Psychiatric Journal, 1, 57—64. (In Russ.)
  7. Казымова, Н.Н. (2020). Посттравматический стресс и предшествующий травматический опыт в раннем взрослом возрасте. Общество: социология, психология, педагогика, 12, 157—160. https://doi.org/10.24158/spp.2020.12.29
    Kazymova, N.N. (2020). Posttraumatic stress and previous traumatic experiences in early adulthood. Society: sociology, psychology, pedagogy, 12, 157—160. https://doi.org/10.24158/spp.2020.12.29 (In Russ.).
  8. Караяни, А.Г. (2024). Боевая психологическая травма — ранение души и тела. Российский военно-психологический журнал, 3(5), 22—32.
    Karyani, A.G. (2024). Combat psychological trauma — wound of soul and body. Russian Military Psychological Journal, 3(5), 22—32. (In Russ.).
  9. Караяни, А.Г. (2024). Боевой стресс: проблемы определения и классификации. Вестник Московского университета МВД России, 1, 254—264. https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-0454-2024-1-254-264
    Karyani, A.G. (2024). Battle stress: problems of definition and classification. Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1, 254—264. https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-0454-2024-1-254-264 (In Russ.).
  10. Леонтьев, Д.А. (2025). Совладание в контексте саморегуляции. Часть 2: Полиресурсная модель. Психологический журнал, 46(2), 5—12. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0205959225020014
    Leontiev, D. A. (2025). Coping (sovladanie) in the context of self-regulation. Part 2: A poliresource model. Psychological Journal, 46(2), 5—12. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0205959225020014 (In Russ.).
  11. МКБ-11. Глава 06. Психические и поведенческие расстройства и нарушения нейропсихического развития. Статистическая классификация. (2021). Москва. 432 с. https://doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.91304.0143
    ICD-11. Chapter 06. Mental and behavioral disorders and neuropsychological development violations. Statistical Classification. (2021). Moscow. 432 p. https://doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.91304.0143 (In Russ.).
  12. Падун, М.А. (2021). Комплексное ПТСР: особенности психотерапии последствий пролонгированной травматизации. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 3(113), 69—87. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290306
    Padun, M.A. (2021). Complex PTSD: psychotherapy of prolonged traumatization. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 29(113), 69—87. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290306 (In Russ.).
  13. Падун, М.А., Котельникова, А.В. (2012). Психическая травма и картина мира: Теория, эмпирия, практика. М.: Институт психологии РАН.
    Padun, M.A., Kotelnikova, A.V. (2012). Psychological trauma and worldview: theory, empiricism, practice. Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS. (In Russ.).
  14. Решетников, М.М. (2015). Психическая травма. Санкт-Петербург: Восточно-Европейский институт психоанализа.
    Reshetnikov, M.M. (2015). Psychological trauma. St Petersburg: East-European Psychoanalysis Institute.
  15. Сукиасян, С.Г. (2022). Посттравматические или перитравматические расстройства: диагностическая дилемма. Современная терапия психических расстройств, 3, 3—13. https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2022.69.67.001
    Sukiasyan, S.G. (2022). Posttraumatic or Pеritraumatic Disorders: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Current Therapy of Mental Disorders, 3, 3—13. https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2022.69.67.001 (in Russ.).
  16. Тарабрина, Н.В. (2009). Психология посттравматического стресса: Монография. М.: Когито-Центр.
    Tarabrina, N.V. (2009). Psychology of post-traumatic stress: Monograph. Moscow: Kogito-Centre. (in Russ.).
  17. Тарабрина, Н.В. (2019). Практическое руководство по психологии посттравматического стресса. Часть 2: Бланки методик. 2-е изд. М.: Когито-Центр.
    Tarabrina, N.V. (2019). Practical manual on psychology of post-traumatic stress. Part 2: Questionnaire forms. 2nd ed. Moscow: Kogito-Centre. 76 p. (in Russ.).
  18. Тарабрина, Н.В., Харламенкова, Н.Е., Быховец, Ю.В. Казымова, Н.Н., Мустафина, Л.Ш., Ворона, О.А., Дымова, Е.Н., Шаталова, Н.Е. (2016). Посттравматический стресс и картина травматических событий в разные периоды взрослости. Психологический журнал, 37(6), 94—108.
    Tarabrina, N.V., Kharlamenkova, N.E., Bykhovets, Y.V., Kasymova, N.N., Mustafina, L.S., Vorona, O.A., Dymova, E.N., Shatalova, N.E. Post-traumatic stress and the traumatic events in different periods of adulthood. Psychological Journal, 37(6), 94‒108. (In Russ.).
  19. Харламенкова, Н.Е., Сергиенко, Е.А., Тарабрина, Н.В. (2022). Основные достижения лаборатории психологии развития субъекта в нормальных и посттравматических состояниях. Психологический журнал, 43(1), 17—31. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920018766-8
    Kharlamenkova, N.E., Sergienko, E.A., Tarabrina, N.V. (2022). Achievements of the laboratory of psychology of development of subject in normal and post-traumatic states: to the 50-th anniversary of the institute of psychology RAS. Psychological Journal, 43(1), 17—31. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920018766-8 (In Russ.).
  20. Харламенкова, Н.Е. (2025). Посттравматический стресс: рецидивирующий или латентный характер проявления признаков. В: Д.В. Ушаков, А.Л. Журавлев, А.В. Махнач, Н.Е. Харламенкова, Ю.В. Быховец (Общ. ред.), Психология посттравматического стресса (с. 109—115). М.: Институт психологии РАН https://doi.org/10.38098/conf_25_0495
    Kharlamenkova, N.E. (2025). Post-traumatic stress: relapsing or latent manifestation pattern. In: D.V. Ushakov, A.L. Zhuravlev, A.V. Makhnach, N.E. Kharlamenkova, Y.V. Bykhovets (Eds.), Psychology of post-traumatic stress (pp. 109—115). Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS https://doi.org/10.38098/conf_25_0495 (In Russ.).
  21. Харламенкова, Н.Е., Никитина, Д.А. (2020). Психологические последствия влияния стрессоров высокой интенсивности разного типа. Ярославский педагогический вестник, 5(116), 110—120. https://doi.org/10.20323/1813-145X-2020-5-116-110-120
    Kharlamenkova, N.E., Nikitina, D.A. Psychological consequences of the influence of high-intensity stressors of different types. Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin, 5(116), 110—120. https://doi.org/10.20323/1813-145X-2020-5-116-110-120 (In Russ.).
  22. Харламенкова, Н.Е. (Ред.). (2017). Интенсивный стресс в контексте психологической безопасности. М.: Институт психологии РАН.
    Kharlamenkova, N.E. (Ed.). (2017). Intensive stress in the context of psychological safety. Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAN. (In Russ.).
  23. Холмогорова, А.Б., Горчакова, В.А. (2013). Травматический стресс и его влияние на субъективное благополучие и психическое здоровье: апробация Эссенского опросника травматических событий. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 3, 120—137.
    Holmogorova A.B., Gorchakova V.A. Traumatic stress and its influence on subjective wellbeing and mental health: validation of the essen trauma inventory. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 120—137. (In Russ.).
  24. Хрусталева, Н.С. (2010). Переживание психической травмы и печали в условиях эмиграции. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия 12. Психология. Социология. Педагогика, 1, 253—260. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2021.0110
    Khrustaleva, N.S. (2010). Experience of psychological trauma and grief in emigration conditions. Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Episode 12. Psychology. Sociology. Pedagogy, 1, 253—260. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2021.0110 (In Russ.).
  25. Шойгу, Ю.С., Тимофеева, Л.Н., Толубаева, Н.В., Варфоломеева, Е.И., Соколова, А.А., Курилова, Е.В., Кармилова, М.Е. (2021). Особенности оказания экстренной психологической помощи при переживании утраты в чрезвычайных ситуациях. Национальный психологический журнал, 1(41), 115—126. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2021.0110
    Shoigu, Y.S., Timofeeva, L.N., Tolubaeva, N.V., Varfolomeeva, E.I., Sokolova, A. A., Kurilova, E.V., Karmilova, M.E. (2021). Features of providing emergency psychological aid to people experiencing loss in emergency situations. National Psychological Journal, 14(1), 115—126. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2021.0110 (In Russ.).
  26. Athanasiadou-Lewis, C. (2019). Psychological Trauma. London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86375
  27. Bonanno, G. A., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Noll, J. (2011). Coping flexibility and trauma: The perceived ability to cope with trauma (PACT) scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(2), 117—129. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020921
  28. Bryant, R. (2021). A critical review of mechanisms of adaptation to trauma: implications for early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, article number 101981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101981
  29. Cheng, P., Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Ma, W., Li, W. (2024). Exploring the differential effects of psychological resilience and social support in mitigating post-traumatic psychiatric symptoms: Real-world network analysis of frontline rescuers. BJPsych Open, 10, e109. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.64
  30. Eagle, G., & Kaminer, D. (2013). Continuous traumatic stress: expanding the lexicon of traumatic stress. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 19(1), 85—99. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032485
  31. Eggleston, M., Jones, E., Khan, N., Romani, W., McQuillan, K., Otero, J., & Chen, E. (2025). A scoping review of trauma-informed care principles applied in design and technology. Digital Health, 11, 1—11. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251360925
  32. Fondacaro, K. M., Mazzulla, E. C. (2018). The chronic traumatic stress framework: A conceptual model to guide empirical investigation and mental health treatment for refugees and survivors of torture. Torture Journal, 28(1), 58—69. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i1.105477
  33. Fondacaro, K., Mazzula, E., & Weldon, H. (2021). The chronic traumatic stress treatment (CTS-T): A resilience-focused, culturally responsive intervention for refugees and survivors of torture‒including a mobile mental health application. Torture Journal, 31(2), 110—125. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v31i2.121222
  34. Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma Characteristics and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Avoidance Coping, Intrusive Thoughts, and Social Support. Psychological Trauma, 11(2), 232—238.
  35. Hobfoll, S., Watson, P., Bell, C. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 7, 221—242. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.7.2.foc221
  36. Itzhaky, L., Gelkopf, M., Levin, Y., Stein, J. Y., Solomon, Z. (2017). Psychiatric Reactions to Continuous Traumatic Stress: A Latent Profile Analysis of Two Israeli Samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 51, 94—100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.06.006
  37. Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(5), e1353383. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
  38. Kira, I., Alhuwailah, A., Shuwiekh, H. (2024). Chronic and acute stressors in continuous traumatic stress: critique and new evidence. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0401.v1
  39. Memarzia, J., Lofthouse, K., Dalgleish, T., Boyle, A., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Smith, P., Meiser-Stedman, R. (2024). Predictive Models of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Following a Single Event Trauma. Psychological Medicine, 54, 1—10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001648
  40. Stevens, G., Eagle, G., Kaminer, D., Higson-Smith, C. (2013). Continuous traumatic stress: conceptual conversations in contexts of global conflict, violence, and trauma. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 19(2), 75—84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032484
  41. Straker, G. (2013). Continuous traumatic stress: personal reflections 25 years on. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 19(2), 209—217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032532
  42. Wilkinson, S., Dodgson, G., Meares, K. (2017). Predictive processing and the varieties of psychological trauma. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, article nuber 1840. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01840
  43. Wolkinson, J.T., Weinberg, M. (2023). Coping with Trauma: The Relationship Between Religiosity, Spirituality, and Post-traumatic Symptoms Among Civilians Exposed to Ongoing Rocket-fire. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 25(10), 1137—1145. https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2023.029641

Information About the Authors

Irina V. Kiseleva, associate professor at the Department of General Psychology, researcher on the scientific issue "The system of psychological support for a person affected by a traumatic situation in the Donetsk People's Republic", Donetsk State University, Donetsk, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1750-9367, e-mail: i.kiseleva.dongu@mail.ru

Conflict of interest

The author declare no conflict of interest.

Metrics

 Web Views

Whole time: 3
Previous month: 0
Current month: 3

 PDF Downloads

Whole time: 0
Previous month: 0
Current month: 0

 Total

Whole time: 3
Previous month: 0
Current month: 3