The Internet as a space of knowledge: psychological aspects of hypertext structures

1813

Abstract

In modern researches which could be attributed to psychology of Internet or, put another way, to cyberpsychology, works on game and communicative behavior are massively presented. The article argues that no less attention of psychologists should be paid to features of cognitive activity in Internet. It is noted that indirect Internet search through keywords and Boolean operators, as well as reading of found online materials (articles, textbooks and encyclopedias, thematic discussions and posts, news in electronic MEDIA, etc.) alongside with distant learning, inquiry, etc. qualitatively differ from traditional methods of performing cognitive activity, in particular by virtue of a special organizational structure of cyberspace-combining various elements through hyperlinks. The saturation of traditional information materials of such links leads to the formation of hypertext structures. Hypertext operation (and hypermedia) is the most characteristic feature of the implementation of the cognitive activity in the modern epoch. The article discusses the psychological specificity of hypertext structures in the process of reading and understanding in works of artistic culture in everyday life and in training activities. It is noted that hypertext document used for training should avoid unmotivated links and introduce elements of standardization.

General Information

Keywords: cyberspace, hypertext, online, a hyperlink, the psychology of reading, hypermedia, information search, link, non-linear text, cognitive load, storytelling, cyberpsychology.

Journal rubric: Developmental Psychology and Age-Related Psychology

Article type: review article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2017060401

Funding. This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Project № 17-06-00515.

For citation: Voiskounsky A.E. The Internet as a space of knowledge: psychological aspects of hypertext structures [Elektronnyi resurs]. Sovremennaia zarubezhnaia psikhologiia = Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology, 2017. Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7–20. DOI: 10.17759/jmfp.2017060401. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Aksenov V.P. Logovo l'va. Zabytye rasskazy [Lion's den. Forgotten stories]. Moscow: AST: Astrel', 2010. 336 p. (In Russ.).
  2. Belyaev M.I. Printsip realizatsii struktury giperteksta — odin iz osnovnykh printsipov sozdaniya elektronnykh uchebnikov [The principle of implementing the structure of hypertext is one of the basic principles of the creation of electronic textbooks]. Vestnik RUDN. Serya « Informatizatsiya obrazovaniya» [Vestnik PFUR. Series «Informatization of education»], 2012, no. 3, pp. 71–82.
  3. Belyaeva N.V. Psikholingvisticheskoe issledovanie ponimaniya giperteksta [Psycholinguistic study of the understanding of hypertext] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena: Aspirantskie tetradi: Nauchnyi zhurnal [Proceedings of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen: Postgraduate notebooks: Scientific journal], 2007, no. 44, pp. 83–87. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psiholingvisticheskoe-issledovanie-ponimaniya-giperteksta (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  4. Blinnikova I.V., Kapica M.S., Leonova A.B. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya informatsionnogo poiska v internet-srede [Psychological research of information retrieval in the Internet environment] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Mir psihologii [The world of psychology], 2016, no. 4, pp. 246–256. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28947829 (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  5. Brudnyj A.A. Psikhologicheskaya germenevtika [Psychological hermeneutics]. Мoscow: Labirint, 1998. 336 p. (In Russ.).
  6. Buzikashvili N. Poiskovoe povedenie pol'zovatelya Yandexa (analiz veblogov) [Search behavior of the user Yandex (analysis of weblogs)]. Elektronnyi arkhiv Ural'skogo FU [Electronic archive of the Ural FU], 2005. 25 p. Available at: http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/1392/1/IMAT_2005_06.pdf (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  7. Velichkovsky B.B. Rabochaya pamyat' cheloveka: struktura i mekhanizmy [Working memory of a person: structure and mechanisms]. Moscow: Kogito-centr, 2015. 246 p. (In Russ.).
  8. Voiskounsky A.E. Osnovy stanovleniya kiberpsikhologii [Fundamentals of the formation of cyberpsychology]. Psihologicheskoe konsul'tirovanie onlajn [Psychological counseling online], 2012, no. 1, pp. 7–11. (In Russ.).
  9. Voiskounsky A.E. Perspektivy stanovleniya psikhologii Interneta [Prospects for the development of the psychology of the Internet]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Psychological journal], 2013, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 110–118. (In Russ.; Abstr. in Engl.).
  10. Voiskounsky A.E. Psikhologiya i Internet [Psychology and the Internet]. Moscow: Akropol', 2010. 440 p. (In Russ.).
  11. Ivanova O.Yu. et al. Vospriyatie giperteksta [Perception of hypertext]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo novogo universiteta. Seriya «Chelovek v sovremennom mire»[Bulletin of the Russian New University. Series "Man in the modern world"], 2015, no. 3, pp. 62–67. (In Russ.).
  12. Golubeva S.L. Rol' tekstinga v transformacii teksta v gipertekst [The role of texting in the transformation of text into hypertext] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina [Bulletin of the Leningrad State University. A.S. Pushkin], 2014, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 67–74. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-tekstinga-v-transformatsii-teksta-v-gipertekst (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  13. Voiskounsky A.E. (eds.). Gumanitarnye issledovaniya v Internete [Elektronnyi resurs] / Pod red. A.E. Voiskunskogo. Moscow: Terra-Mozhaisk, 2000. 431 p. URL: https://istina.msu.ru/collections/643033/ (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  14. Doblaev L.P. Analiz i ponimanie teksta [Analysis and understanding of the text]. Saratov: Saratov University, 1987. 72 p.
  15. Znakov V.V. Psikhologiya ponimaniya mira cheloveka [Psychology of understanding the world of man] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Moscow: Institut psihologii RAN, 2016. 488 p. Available at: http://mhp-journal.ru/upload/Library/Znakov_VV_(2016)_Psychology_of_Understanding_of_Human_World.pdf (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  16. Znakov V.V. Tezaurusnoe i narrativnoe ponimanie sobytii kak problema psikhologii chelovecheskogo bytiya [Thesaurus and narrative understanding of events as a problem of the psychology of human existence] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Metodologija i istorija psihologii [Methodology and history of psychology], 2010, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 105–119. Available at: http://mhp-journal.ru/rus/2010_v5_n3_07 (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  17. Karr N. Pustyshka: Chto internet delaet s nashimi mozgami [The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains]. Saint Petersburg: BestBusinessBooks, 2012. 256 p. (In Russ.).
  18. Kesenberi U., Bruks K. Storitelling v proektirovanii interfeisov: Kak sozdavat' istorii, uluchshayushchie dizain [Storytelling for User Experience. Crafting Stories for Better Design]. Moscow: Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2013. 243 p. (In Russ.).
  19. Konovalov I.A. Ponimanie uchebnogo teksta v zarubezhnoi psikhologii: osnovnye problemy i itogi issledovanii [Understanding the educational text in foreign psychology: the main problems and results of research]. Voprosy psihologii [Questions of Psychology], 2013, no. 2, pp. 152–165. (In Russ.; Abstr. in Engl.).
  20. LeFever L. Iskusstvo ob"yasnyat': Kak sdelat' tak, chtoby vas ponimali s poluslova [The Art of Explanation. Making your Ideas, Products, and Services Easier to Understand]. Moscow: Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2013. 241 p. (In Russ.).
  21. Lityagina E.V. «Yashchik dlya pis'mennykh prinadlezhnostei» Milorada Pavicha: kontent-analiz, provedennyi studentami-psikhologami [«Letter box» Milorad Pavic: content analysis, conducted by students-psychologists]. In Liseckij K.S., Shpuntova V.V. Psihologicheskie issledovanija: sbornik nauchnyh trudov [Psychological research: a collection of scientific papers]. Samara: Izd-vo: «Univers grupp», 2010, vol. 8, pp. 326–336.
  22. McLuhan M. Galaktika Gutenberga: Stanovlenie cheloveka pechatayushchego [The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making Typographic Man]. Moscow: Akademicheskij proekt, 2005. 496 p.
  23. Nishanov V.K. Fenomen ponimaniya: Kognitivnyi analiz [The phenomenon of understanding: cognitive analysis]. Frunze: Ilim, 1990. 227 p. (In Russ.).
  24. Nishanov V.K. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniya struktury svyaznogo teksta na EVM [Experimental studies of the structure of a coherent text on a computer]. Semantika i social'naja psihologija [Semantics and social psychology]. Frunze: Ilim, 1976, pp. 98–107. (In Russ.).
  25. Novichkova A.V., Vokresenskaja Ju.V. Storitelling kak sovremennyi instrument upravleniya personalom [Storytelling as a modern tool for personnel management] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Internet-zhurnal «Naukovedenie» [Internet-journal «Naukovedenie»], 2014, no. 6. Available at: http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/39EVN614.pdf (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  26. Pavich M. Vnutrennyaya storona vetra: Roman o Gero i Leandre [The Inner Side of the Wind. A novel about Hero and Leander]. St. Petersburg: Amfora, 2010. 192 p. (In Russ.).
  27. Pavich M. Roman kak derzhava [Roman as a Power]. Moscow: Zebra E, 2004. 256 p.
  28. Soldatova G.U., Nestik T.A. Otnoshenie k internetu sredi internet-pol'zovatelei: Tekhnofoby i tekhnofily [The attitude to the Internet among Internet users: Technophobes and technophiles]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Psikhologicheskie nauki [Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Psychological sciences.], 2016, no. 1, pp. 54–61. (In Russ.).
  29. Solodov M.Yu. Gipertekst kak predmet psikhologicheskogo issledovaniya v kul'turno-deyatel'nostnoi programme [Hypertext as a subject of psychological research in the cultural and activity program]. Obrazovatel'nye tekhnologii i obshchestvo [Educational technologies and society], 2016. vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 619–627. Available at: http://ifets.ieee.org/russian/depository/v19_i2/pdf/18.pdf (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  30. Solodov M.Yu. Problematika giperteksta v filosofii [Problems of hypertext in philosophy]. Kul'tura i tekhnologii [Culture and technology], 2017, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13–20. Available at: http://cat.ifmo.ru/ru/2017/v2-i1/95 (Accessed 20.12.2017). (In Russ.).
  31. Subbotin M.M. Teoriya i praktika nelineinogo pis'ma (vzglyad skvoz' prizmu «grammatologii» Zh. Derrida) [Theory and practice of nonlinear writing (a view through the prism of "grammatology" by J. Derrida)]. Voprosy filosofii [Questions of philosophy], 1993, no. 3, pp. 36–45. (In Russ.).
  32. Subbotsky E.V. Individual'noe soznanie kak sistema real'nostei [Individual consciousness as a system of realities]. In A.E. Voiskunskij, A.N. Zhdan, O.K. Tikhomirov (eds). Traditsii i perspektivy deyatel'nostnogo podkhoda v psikhologii [Traditions and perspectives of the activity approach in psychology]. Moscow: Smysl, 1999, pp. 125–160.
  33. Subbotsky E.V. Stroyashcheesya soznanie [Building consciousness]. Moscow: Smysl, 2007. 423 p.
  34. Tikhonova E.V. «Storytelling» v prepodavanii: vyzovy sovremennosti i pedagogicheskaya praktika [«Storytelling» in Teaching: Challenges of Modernity and Pedagogical Practice]. Psikhologiya obrazovaniya v polikul'turnom prostranstve [Psychology of Education in Polycultural Space], 2016, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 136–143. (In Russ.).
  35. Chistyakova G.D. Psikhologicheskaya priroda teksta v teorii N.I. Zhinkina [The psychological nature of the text in the theory of N.I. Zhinkina]. In N.L. Karpova, A.A. Golzitskaya (eds). Rech' v obshchenii: norma, otkloneniya, korrektsiya. Pamyati N.I. Zhinkina i Yu.B. Nekrasovoi: Materialy Kruglogo stola PI RAO 7 noyabrya 2014 g. [Speech in communication: norm, deviations, correction. In memory of N.I. Zhinkin and Yu.B. Nekrasovoy: Materials of the Roundtable Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education November 7, 2014]. Moscow: PI RAO, 2014, pp. 64–66. (In Russ.).
  36. Eko U. Ot Interneta k Gutenbergu [From the Internet to Gutenberg]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie [New literary review], 1998, no. 32, pp. 5–14. (In Russ.).
  37. Leonova A.B. et al. Eksperimental'noe issledovanie preryvanii v komp'yuterizirovannoi deyatel'nosti: Analiz strategii pereklyuchenii mezhdu osnovnoi i dopolnitel'noi zadachami [Experimental study of interrupts in computerized activity: An analysis of switching strategies between the main and additional tasks]. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya [Experimental psychology], 2009, no. 1, pp. 35–51. (In Russ.).
  38. DeStefano D., LeFevre J.-A. Cognitive load in hypertext reading: A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 2007, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1616–1641. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.012
  39. Howanitz G. www.blok.art.pl: A Review of the First Polish Hypertext Novel [Elektronnyi resurs]. Digital Icons: Studies in Russian, Eurasian and Central European New Media, 2014, no. 11, pp. 21–36. Available at: http://www.digitalicons.org/wp-content/uploads/issue11/files/2014/06/DI_11_2_Howanitz.pdf (Accessed 20.12.2017).
  40. Hubber P.J. et al. Should Touch Screen Tablets Be Used to Improve Educational Outcomes in Primary School Children in Developing Countries? Frontiers in Psychology, 2016, vol. 7, article 839. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00839
  41. Takacs Z.K., Swart E.K., Bus A.G. Can the computer replace the adult for storybook reading? A meta-analysis on the effects of multimedia stories as compared to sharing print stories with an adult. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014, vol. 5, article 1366. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01366

Information About the Authors

Alexander E. Voiskounsky, PhD in Psychology, leading research fellow, faculty of general psychology, Moscow State University named after M.V.Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: vae-msu@mail.ru

Metrics

Views

Total: 2363
Previous month: 18
Current month: 15

Downloads

Total: 1813
Previous month: 14
Current month: 4