The problem of the development of executive functions in modern foreign studies

 
Audio is AI-generated
1

Abstract

Context and relevance. The article attempts to analyze a number of modern foreign studies that make a significant contribution to understanding the problem of executive function development, a key component of self–regulation, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Goal. Systematization and discussion of data on what relevant approaches exist to the development of executive functions. Results. There are two areas of research devoted to methods of improving executive function indicators. The first area is related to the study of the effect of cognitive exercises on executive functions. The second direction is related to the influence of motor activity on executive functions. Among other things, the paper presents the results of an analysis of studies considering the possibility of developing executive functions as a result of a combination of physical and cognitive activity, as well as data confirming the role of modern technological tools that ensure the training of cognitive abilities. Conclusions. Current evidence suggests that the hypothesis of a relationship between physical activity and executive functions is confirmed, but the nature of the relationship between them remains unknown. It is assumed that the inclusion of cognitive tasks in physical education programs will allow combining two main methods of executive function development.

General Information

Keywords: functions, cognitive training, physical exercises, self-regulation, cognitive functions

Journal rubric: Neurosciences and Cognitive Studies

Article type: review article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2026150114

Received 05.12.2024

Revised 09.10.2025

Accepted

Published

For citation: Tikhomirov, R.V. (2026). The problem of the development of executive functions in modern foreign studies. Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology, 15(1), 153–161. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2026150114

© Tikhomirov R.V., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

References

  1. Aminov, A., Rogers, J.M., Middleton, S., Caeyenberghs, K., Wilson, P.H. (2018). What do randomized controlled trials say about virtual rehabilitation in stroke? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of upper-limb and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 15, Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-018-0370-2
  2. Antoniou, M. (2019). The advantages of bilingualism debate. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 395—415. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820
  3. Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G.J., Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S.M. (2015). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 366—377. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x
  4. Blair, C., Razza, R.P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child development, 78(2), 647—663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x
  5. Chen, F.-T., Etnier, J.L., Chan, K.-H., Chiu, P.-K., Hung, T.-M., Chang, Y.-K. (2020). Effects of exercise training interventions on executive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50, 1451—1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01292-x
  6. Chen, H., Cheng, M.-C., Sun, Y., Zhu, Y.-Q., Sun, L.-X., Zhang, Y.-X., Feng, B.-B., Wu, G.-C. (2024a). Dose-response relationship between physical activity and frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon, 10(13), Article e33769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33769
  7. Chen, H., Liang, Q., Wang, B., Liu, H., Dong, G., Li, K. (2024b). Sports game intervention aids executive function enhancement in children with autism — An fNIRS study. Neuroscience Letters, 822, Article 137647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137647
  8. De Nys, L., Anderson, K., Ofosu, E.F., Ryde, G.C., Connelly, J., Whittaker, A.C. (2022). The effects of physical activity on cortisol and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 143, Article 105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105843
  9. de Vargas, L.S., Neves, B.S.D., Roehrs, R., Izquierdo, I., Mello-Carpes, P. (2017). One-single physical exercise session after object recognition learning promotes memory persistence through hippocampal noradrenergic mechanisms. Behavioural brain research, 329, 120—126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.050
  10. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135—168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  11. Diamond, A., Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959—964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
  12. Embon-Magal, S., Krasovsky, T., Doron, I., Asraf, K., Haimov, I., Gil, E., Agmon, M. (2022). The effect of co-dependent (thinking in motion [TIM]) versus single-modality (CogniFit) interventions on cognition and gait among community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled study. BMC geriatrics, 22, Article 720. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03403-x
  13. Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A., Young, S.E., DeFries, J.C., Corley, R.P., Hewitt, J.K. (2008). Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(2), 201—225. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.201
  14. Herold, F., Hamacher, D., Schega, L., Müller, N.G. (2018). Thinking while moving or moving while thinking — concepts of motor-cognitive training for cognitive performance enhancement. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, Article 364696. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00228
  15. Ho, B.D., Gullett, J.M., Anton, S., Franchetti, M.K., Bharadwaj, P.K., Raichlen, D.A., Alexander, G.E., Rundek, T., Levin, B., Visscher, K., Woods, A.J., Cohen, R.A. (2024). Associations between physical exercise type, fluid intelligence, executive function, and processing speed in the oldest-old (85 +). Geroscience, 46, 491—503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00885-4
  16. Hsieh, S.-S., Chueh, T.-Y., Huang, C.-J., Kao, S.-C., Hillman, C.H., Chang, Y.-K., Hung, T.-M. (2021). Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 10—22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1803630
  17. Ishihara, T., Drollette, E.S., Ludyga, S., Hillman, C.H., Kamijo, K. (2021). The effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 258—269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.026
  18. Kaloka, P.T., Nopembri, S., Yudanto, Y., Elumalai, G. (2024). Improvement of executive function through cognitively challenging physical activity with nonlinear pedagogy in elementary schools. Retos, 51, 673—682. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.101024
  19. Kashihara, K., Maruyama, T., Murota, M., Nakahara, Y. (2009). Positive effects of acute and moderate physical exercise on cognitive function. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 28(4), 155—164. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.28.155
  20. Kwan, R.Y.C., Liu, J., Sin, O.S.K., Fong, K.N.K., Qin, J., Wong, J.C.Y., Lai, C. (2024). Effects of virtual reality motor-cognitive training for older people with cognitive frailty: Multicentered randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 26, Article e57809. https://doi.org/10.2196/57809
  21. Larson, C. (2020). How exercise impacts the brain and cognition. In: Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects (Vol. 28). Brookings: South Dakota State University. URL: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/biomicro_plan-b/28 (viewed: 12.03.2026).
  22. Liu, S., Yu, Q., Li, Z., Cunha, P.M., Zhang, Y., Kong, Z., Lin, W., Chen, S., Cai, Y. (2020). Effects of acute and chronic exercises on executive function in children and adolescents: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 554915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554915
  23. Mao, F., Huang, F., Zhao, S., Fang, Q. (2024). Effects of cognitively engaging physical activity interventions on executive function in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1454447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1454447
  24. Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., Wager, T.D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex «Frontal Lobe» tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49—100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  25. Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R.J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B.W., Ross, S., Sears, M.R., Thomson, W.M., Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693—2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
  26. Morrison, F.J., Ponitz, C.C., McClelland, M.M. (2010). Self-regulation and academic achievement in the transition to school. In: S.D. Calkins, M.A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition (pp. 203—224). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12059-011
  27. Ospina, B.M., Cadavid-Ruiz, N. (2024). The effect of aerobic exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and executive function in college students. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 26, Article 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100578
  28. Perrotta, G. (2019). Executive functions: Definition, contexts and neuropsychological profiles. Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/077
  29. Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International University.
  30. Reijnders, J., van Heugten, C., van Boxtel, M. (2013). Cognitive interventions in healthy older adults and people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Ageing research reviews, 12(1), 263—275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.003
  31. Ren, Y., Chu, J., Zhang, Z., Luo, B. (2024). Research on the effect of different aerobic activity on physical fitness and executive function in primary school students. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 7956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58009-7
  32. Robledo-Castro, C., Hederich-Martínez, C., Castillo-Ossa, L.F. (2023). Cognitive stimulation of executive functions through computational thinking. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 235, Article 105738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105738
  33. Sewell, K.R., Erickson, K.I., Rainey-Smith, S.R., Peiffer, J.J., Sohrabi, H.R., Brown, B.M. (2021). Relationships between physical activity, sleep and cognitive function: A narrative review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 130, 369—378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.003
  34. Thompson, A., Steinbeis, N. (2020). Sensitive periods in executive function development. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 36, 98—105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.08.001
  35. Wei, Y., Wang, L., Tang, Y., Deng, H., Su, J., Li, Q. (2024). Enhancing young children's executive function through physical activities: A three-level meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 26, Article 100592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100592
  36. Yurtsever, A., Anderson, J.A.E., Grundy, J.G. (2023). Bilingual children outperform monolingual children on executive function tasks far more often than chance: An updated quantitative analysis. Developmental Review, 69, Article 101084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2023.101084
  37. Zhou, Y., Tolmie, A. (2024). Associations between gross and fine motor skills, physical activity, executive function, and academic achievement: Longitudinal findings from the UK millennium cohort study. Brain Sciences, 14(2), Article 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020121

Information About the Authors

Roman V. Tikhomirov, lecturer at the Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3066-5965, e-mail: roma.987p@yandex.ru

Metrics

 Web Views

Whole time: 3
Previous month: 0
Current month: 3

 PDF Downloads

Whole time: 1
Previous month: 0
Current month: 1

 Total

Whole time: 4
Previous month: 0
Current month: 4