Studies of Speech Disorders in Schizophrenia. History and State-of-the-art

The article reviews studies of speech disorders in schizophrenia. The authors paid attention to a historical course and characterization of studies of areas: the actual psychopathological (speech disorders as a psychopathological symptoms, their description and taxonomy), psychological (isolated neurons and pathopsychological perspective analysis) separately analyzed some modern foreign works, covering a variety of approaches to the study of speech disorders in the endogenous mental disorders. Disorders and features of speech are among the most striking manifestations of schizophrenia along with impaired thinking (Savitskaya A. V., Mikirtumov B. E.). With all the variety of symptoms, speech disorders in schizophrenia could be classified and organized. The few clinical psychological studies of speech activity in schizophrenia presented work on the study of generation and standard speech utterance; features verbal associative process, speed parameters of speech utterances. Special attention is given to integrated research in the mainstream of biological psychiatry and genetic trends. It is shown that the topic for more than a half-century history of originality of speech pathology in schizophrenia has received some coverage in the psychiatric and psychological literature and continues to generate interest in the modern integrated multidisciplinary approach.

1. Alfimova M. V., Uvarova L. G., Trubnikov V. I. Psikhologicheskie i mozgovye mekhanizmy narushenii rechevykh assotsiativnykh protsessov pri shizofrenii [Psychological disorders and brain mechanisms of speech associative processes in schizophrenia]. Sotsial’naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya [Social and Clinical Psychiatry], 2001. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 67–74.
2. Ambrumova A. G. Techenie shizofrenii po dannym otdalennogo katamneza [Schizophrenia according distant catamnesis]. Ambrumova A.G. (ed.). Moscow: State Scientific Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, 1962. 218 р.
3. Bomov P. O. Neirokognitivnye rasstroistva u bol’nykh shizofreniei s pozdnim debyutom i apato-abulicheskim tipom defekta lichnosti [Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenic patients with late debut and apathy abulicheskimi-type personality defect]. Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal Al’manakh molodoi naukiю Orenburgskaya gosudarstvennaya meditsinskaya akademiya [Almanac young science. Orenburg State Medical Academy], 2013, no. 1.
4. Bragina N. N., Dobrokhotova T. A. Funktsional'nye asimmetrii cheloveka [The functional asymmetry of the human]. Meditsina, 1988.
5. Vlasenkova I. N. Polimodal'nye verbal'nye assot­siatsii u detei v norme i pri shizofrenii [Polymodality verbal associations in children in normal and schizo­phrenia]. Diplomnaya rabota, nauch. ruk. Zvere­va N. V. [Thesis, scientific adviser Zvereva N. V.]. Moscow: MGU, 2004.
6. Vlasenkova I. N., Zvereva N. V. Eksperimental'noe issledovanie osobennostei assotsiativnoi deyatel'­nosti v raznykh modal'nostyakh u detei mladshego shkol'nogo vozrasta, bol'nykh shizofreniei [Experi­mental study of characteristics of associative activity in different modalities in children of primary school age with schizophrenia]. Voprosy psikhicheskogo zdorov’ya detei i podrostkov [Mental health of children and adolescents], 2010. Vol. 10, no. 2, рр. 46–56.
7. Vlasenkova I. N, Zvereva N. V. Verbal’nye as­sotsiatsii na obonyatel’noi osnove u detei 8–11 let v norme i pri shizofrenii [Verbal association on the basis of olfactory children 8–11 years in normal and schizophrenia]. Voprosy psikhicheskogo zdorov’ya detei i podrostkov [Mental health of children and adolescents], 2014, vol. 14, no. 1, рр. 68-71.
8. Vnukov V. A. O defekte pri shizofrenicheskom protsesse i ob otdel’nykh ego vidakh [About defect during schizophrenic process and about its separate species]. Vnukov V.A. 2-i Vsesoyuz. s”ezd nevropato­logov i psikhiatrov [Proceedings of the Second Interna­tional Scientific and Practical Conference of Neurolo­gists and Psychiatrists]. Moscow, 1936, pp. 136–140.
9. Vrono M. S. Konechnye sostoyaniya bol'nykh shizofreniei s rechevoi bessvyaznost'yu Diss. kand. med.. nauk. [End of the patients with schizophrenia incoherence of speech, Ph. D. (Medcine) Thesis]. Moscow, 1957. 16 p.
10. Golenkov A. V. Narusheniya myshleniya i rechi u bol'nykh shizofreniei s defitsitarnymi proyavleni­yami [Violations of thought and speech in patients with schizophrenia with symptoms of deficit]. Vestnik psikhiatrii i psikhologii Chuvashii [Herald of psychiatry and psychology Chuvashia]. 2008, no. 4, pp. 8–17.
11.  Evlakhova E. A. Tipy shizofrenicheskogo mysh­leniya. 2-i Vsesoyuz. s»ezd nevropatologov i psikhiat­rov [Proceedings of the Second International Scien­tific and Practical Conference of Neurologists and Psychiatrists]. Moscow. 1936, pp. 178–182.
12. Davtyan S. E., Strel'nikov K. N., Chernigovskaya T. V. Vospriyatie intonatsionnykh kharakteristik rechi pri shizofrenii: mezhpolusharnyi balans [Perception of intonation characteristics of speech in schizophre­nia: interhemispheric balance]. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human Physiology]. 2004. Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 32–39.
13. Zhigeu E. I. Osobennosti smyslovoi pererabotki informatsii u podrostkov, bol’nykh shizofreniei. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Features of semantic informa­tion processing in adolescents with schizophrenia. Ph. D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 2004.
14. Zvereva N. V. Patopsikhologiya v klinike en­dogennykh psikhozov detskogo vozrasta [Pathopsy­chology clinic endogenous psychoses childhood]. Psikhiatriya [Psychiatry], 2008, no. 2, pp. 28–37.
15. Zvereva N. V., Khromov A. I. Ob ispol'zovanii me­todiki «Konstruirovanie ob»ektov» dlya otsenki oso­bennostei myshleniya detei i podrostkov, bol'nykh shizofreniei [On the use of techniques «Construction sites» to assess the features of the thinking of chil­dren and adolescents with schizophrenia]. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferent­sii «Klinicheskaya psikhologiya: teoriya, praktika i obuchenie» [Proceedings of the Second Interna­tional Scientific and Practical Conference “Clinical Psychology: Theory, Practice and Learning”]. Saint-Peterburg: NP Strategii budushchego, 2010.
16. Zvereva N. V., Koval'-Zaitsev A. A., Khromov A. I. Patopsikhologicheskie metodiki otsenki kognitivnogo razvitiya detei i podrostkov pri endogennoi psikhiche­skoi patologii (zritel'noe vospriyatie i myshlenie). Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. [Patopsihologicheskih methodology for assessing the cognitive develop­ment of children and adolescents with endogenous mental disorders (visual perception and thinking). Guidelines]. Moscow: OOO «Publ. MBA», 2014.
17. Zvereva N. V., Mikhaleva E. S., Nosov S. S., Niki­tina Yu. Yu. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie osoben­nostei rechevoi deyatel’nosti u muzhchin, bol’nykh shizofreniei. [Elektronnyi resurs] [Experimental re­search of features of speech activity in men with schizophrenia]. Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii [Medical psychology in Russia], 2011, no. 4. Avai­lable at: www.medpsy.ru (Accessed: 21.02.2014). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
18. Isaeva E. R., Lebedeva G. G., Stepanova A. V. Kognitivnyi defitsit pri paranoidnoi shizofrenii i shizo­tipicheskom rasstroistve: sravnitel'noe issledovanie kognitivnykh narushenii [Cognitive deficits of para­noid schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder: a comparative study of cognitive impairment]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Tomsk State Pedagogical University], 2013. Vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 155–160.
19. Kritskaya V. P. Osobennosti vospriyatiya re-chi bol’nymi shizofreniei. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Features of speech perception schizophrenic pa­tients. Ph. D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1966.
20. Kritskaya V. P., Meleshko T. K., Polyakov Yu. F. Patologiya psikhicheskoi deyatel'nosti pri shizofrenii: motivatsiya, obshchenie, poznanie [The pathology of psychic activity in schizophrenia: motivation, com­munication, cognition.]. Moscow: MGU, 1991. 256 p.
21. Krylova I. V. Otrazhenie patologicheskogo sosto­yaniya myshleniya na rechevoi produktsii u podrost­kov s shizofreniei [Reflection of the pathological state of thinking on speech production in adolescents with
22. schizophrenia]. Psikhologiya i pedagogika: metodika i problemy prakticheskogo primeneniya [Procee­dings of the ХLV International Scientific and Practi­cal Conference “Psychology and Pedagogy: metho­dology and problems of practical application”], 2012, pp. 68–74.
23. Lebedinskii M. S. K voprosu o rechevykh rasstroist­vakh u shizofrenikov [On the question of speech disor­ders in schizophrenics]. Sovetskaya psikhonevrologiya [Soviet psychoneurology], 1938, no. 3, pp. 56–64.
24. Meleshko T. K., Aleinikova S. M., Zakharova N. V. Osobennosti formirovaniya poznavatel'noi deya­tel'nosti u detei, bol'nykh shizofreniei [Features of formation of cognitive activity in children with schizo­phrenia schizophrenia]. Problemy shizofrenii detskogo i podrostkovogo vozrasta [Problems of childhood and adolescence]. Vrono M. Sh. ed. Moscow, 1986.
25. Mikirtumov B. E. Leksika psikhopatologii [Vo­cabulary psychopathology]. Saint-Peterburg: Rech’, 2004.
26. Orlova V. A., Shcherbakova N. P., Korsako­va N. K., Savina T. D., Ermakov I. L., Sudakov S. A. Kharakteristiki levykh podkorkovo-lobnykh, levykh podkorkovo-visochnykh i drugikh podkorkovykh zon golovnogo mozga kak mnogomernye neiropsikho­logicheskie faktory geneticheskogo riska shizofrenii [Features left subcortical-frontal, left temporal and subcortical and other subcortical areas of the brain as multidimensional neuropsychological factors of genetic risk of schizophrenia]. Funktsional’naya mezhpolusharnaya asimmetriya [Functional hemi­spheric asymmetry.]. Khrestomatiya. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir, 2004, pp. 610–617.
27. Savitskaya A. B. Rasstroistva rechi u bol’nykh paranoidnoi formoi shizofrenii Avtoref. dis. kand. med.nauk [Speech disorders in patients with para­noid schizophrenia. Ph. D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1975. 34 p.
28. Skripka E. Yu. Osobennosti assotsiativnogo prot­sessa u bol’nykh prostoi i paranoidnoi formami shizo­frenii [Features associative process in patients with simple and paranoid schizophrenia]. Molodoi uchenyi [Young scientist], 2011. Vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 111–113.
29. Sluchevskii F. I. Atakticheskoe myshlenie i shizo­faziya [Atactic thinking and schizophasia]. Lenin­grad: Meditsina, 1975. 160 p.
30. Tatarenko N. P., Gusov A. L., Pavlovskii S. I. Issledovanie nekotorykh fiziologicheskikh mekha­nizmov u bol’nykh shizofreniei pri ostrykh sostoya­niyakh, remissiyakh i retsidivakh [Study of some physiological mechanisms of schizophrenia patients in acute conditions, remissions and relapses]. Nev­rologiya i psikhiatriya [Neurology and Psychiatry], 1978, no. 7, pp. 70–72.
31. Chernigovskaya T. V., Davtyan S. E., Petrova N. N., Strel'nikov K. N. Spetsifika polusharnoi asimmetrii vospriyatiya intonatsii v norme i pri shizofrenii [Spe­cificity of hemispheric asymmetry in the perception of intonation normal and schizophrenia]. Fiziolo­giya cheloveka [Human Physiology], 2004. Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 32–39.
32. Chernukha A. A. O slaboumii pri shizofrenii [About dementia in schizophrenia]. Nevropatologii i psikhiatrii [Neuropathology and psychiatry], 1938. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 125–144.
33. Shvedovskii E. F. Aprobatsiya metodicheskogo kompleksa dlya issledovaniya rechevoi deyatel’nosti u podrostkov pri shizofrenii [Elektronnyi resurs] [Ap­probation of methodical complex for investigation of speech activity in adolescents with schizophrenia]. Klinicheskaya i spetsial’naya psikhologiya [Clinical Psychology and Special Education], 2014. Vol. 3, no.4. Available at: www.psyjournals.ru/psyclin/2014/ n4/Shvedovskiy.shtml (Accessed: 09.06.2015) (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
34. Allen Heidi A., Peter F. Liddle, Christopher D. Frith. Negative features, retrieval processes and verbal fluency in schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1993. Vol. 163 (6), pp. 769–775. doi. org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.769
35. Andreasen Nancy C. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982. Vol. 39(7), pp. 784–788. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005.
36. Asarnow J. R., Tompson, M. C., McGrath E. P. Child–hood–onset schizophrenia: clinical issues. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2004, no. 45, pp. 180–194. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469– 7610.2004.00213.x
37.  Berrios G. E. Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson: a conceptual history. Archives of Gen­eral Psychiatry, 1985. Vol. 42(1), pp. 95–97. doi. org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790240097011
38. Bleuler E., Jung C. G. Komplexe und Krankheit­sursachenbei Dementia praecox. Zentralblatt fur Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie XIX, 1908, pp. 220–227.
39. Condray, Ruth et al. Language comprehension in schizophrenia: Trait or state indicator? Biologi­cal psychiatry, 1995. Vol. 38 (5). pp. 287–296. doi. org/10.1016/0006–3223(95)00378–T
40.  Crow T. J. Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language? Schizophrenia Re­search, 1997, no. 28, pp. 127–141. doi.org/10.1016/ S0920–9964(97)00110–2
41.  Crow T. J. Nuclear schizophrenia symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998, no. 173, pp. 303–309. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.4.303
42. Delis Dean C. et al. Integrating clinical assess­ment with cognitive neuroscience: construct valida­tion of the California Verbal Learning Test. Journal of
43. De Lisi, Lynn E. Speech disorder in schizo­phrenia: Review of the literature and exploration of its relation to the uniquely human capacity for lan­guage. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2001. Vol. 27 (3), pp. 481–496.
44. Demb J. B., Desmond J. E., Wagner A. D., Vai­dya C. J., Glover G. H. & Gabrieli J. D. Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity. Journal of Neuroscience, 1995. Vol. 15 (9), pp. 5870–5878.
45. Docherty Anna R., Howard Berenbaum, John G. Kerns. Alogia and formal thought disorder: Dif­ferential patterns of verbal fluency task perfor­mance. Journal of psychiatric research, 2011. Vol. 45 (10), pp. 1352–1357. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsy­chires.2011.04.004
46. Fernandez–Zoila A. Psychopathologic lan­guage. 1. The double–meaning dialogue. Annales medico–psychologiques (Paris), 1982. Vol. 140 (1), pp. 27–44. PMID: 7114666
47. Golden Charles J., Thomas A. Hammeke, Arnold D. Purisch. The Luria–Nebraska neuropsychological battery: manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychologi­cal Services, 1980.
48. Hafner H., Maurer K., Loffler W. et al. The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiat­ry, 1993. Vol. 162 (1), pp. 80–86. doi.org/10.1192/ bjp.162.1.80
49. Hoberman S. E., Goldfarb W. Speech re­ception thresholds in schizophrenic children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Re-search,1963. Vol. 6, pp. 101–106. doi.org/10.1044/ jshr.0601.101
50. Kareken David A., Paul J. Moberg, Ruben C. Gur. Proactive inhibition and semantic organization Relationship with verbal memory in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuro­psychological Society, 1996. Vol. 2 (06), pp. 486– 493. doi.org/10.1017/S135561770000165X
51. Kirkbride J B., Fearon P., Morgan C. et al. Hete-rogeneity of incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes. Findings from the 3-center AESOP study. Archives of General Psychi­atry, 2006. Vol. 63, pp. 250–258. doi.org/10.1001/ archpsyc.63.3.250
52. Kircher Tilo et al. Genetic variation in the schizo­phrenia–risk gene neuregulin 1 correlates with brain activation and impaired speech production in a ver­bal fluency task in healthy individuals. Human brain mapping, 2009. Vol. 30 (10), pp. 3406–3416. doi. org/10.1002/hbm.20761
53. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie, 5th ed. Barth: Leipzig. 1896.
54. Lawson J. S., A. Mc Ghie, J. Chapman. Percep­tion of speech in schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1964. Vol. 110 (466), pp. 375–380. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.110.466.375
55. Ludwig A. M. et al. Further studies in audition in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963. Vol. 125 (1), pp. 70–71. doi.org/10.1176/ ajp.120.1.70
56. Marini Andrea et al. The language of schizo­phrenia: An analysis of micro and macrolinguistic abilities and their neuropsychological correlates. Schizophrenia Research, 2008. Vol. 105 (1–3), pp. 144–155. doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.011
57. Miller George A., Jennifer A. Selfridge. Verbal context and the recall of meaningful material. The American journal of psychology, 1950. Vol. 63 (2), pp. 176–185. doi.org/10.2307/1418920
58. Minor Kyle S., Cohen Alex S. The role of atypi­cal semantic activation and stress in odd speech: Implications for individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy. Journal of psychiatric research, 2012, pp. 1231–1236. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires. 2012.06.001
59. Newlin D. B., Carpenter B., Golden C. J. Hemi­spheric asymmetries in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 1981. Vol. 16(6), pp. 561–582.
60. Nicodemus Kristin K. et al. Category fluency, latent semantic analysis and schizophrenia: a candidate gene approach. Cortex, 2014. Vol. 55, pp. 182–191. doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.
61. Savina T., Orlova V., Trubnikov V. et al. Correla­tions betweenmulty–level characteristics of schizo­phrenia pathogenesis in families. Europ. College Neuropsychopharmacol, 1998. Vol. 8. Suppl. 2, pp. 306. doi.org/10.1016/S0924–977X(98)80607–X
62. Savina T. D., Orlova V. A., Trubnikov V. I. Ge­netic determination of some manifestations of men­tal activity in the families of schizophrenics. Amer. J. Med. Genet., 1997. Vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 564.
63. Shorter E. A historical dictionary of psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
64. Woodruff Peter et al. Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizo­phrenia: a functional magnetic resonance ima­ging study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997. Vol. 154 (12), pp. 1676–1682. doi.org/10.1176/ ajp.154.12.1676
65. Yuhas D. Throughout history, defining schizo­phrenia has remained a challenge (timeline). Sci Am Mind. 2013.
66. Ziauddeen H. et al. Negative schizophrenic symptoms and the frontal lobe syndrome: one and the same? European archives of psychiatry and clini­cal neuroscience, 2011, pp. 59–67. doi.org/10.1007/ s00406-010-0133-y.12.004