Testing K. Patrick Method of Psychopathy Diagnosis in Russian Sample

The article is devoted to the development of a method of diagnosing psychopathy, or antisocial (dissocial) personality disorder. Modern researchers mostly use the methods of experiment, expert assessment, clinical interview or different combinations for personality disorders, including psychopathy. However, nowadays there is a growing need in development of a psychopathy diagnosis method which would be less labour-intensive, less expensive and more objective. One of the recently developed models of psychopathy is Trierarchic conceptualization by C. Patrick, it offers a new way to operationalize and diagnose psychopathy. The authors had tested this method in the Russian population, including both common sample as well as criminal offender sample consisting of individuals that have been suspected, accused or convicted of violent crimes. The subject of the current research is psychopathic traits measured by the tested method. We had carried out statistical and content analyzes of the data. Our study allowed to conclude that tested Russian version of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure is effective enough to be used for research purposes. However, further research is required in order to render this measure valid to practical use.

1. Al’farnes S.A., Bulygina V.G. Strukturno-di­namicheskie protsedury otsenki riska nasiliya s pomoshch’yu HCR-20 i V-RISK-10 [Structured­dynamic procedures for violence risk assessment using HCR-20 and V-RISK-10 tools]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Russian Psychiatric Jour­nal], 2009, no. 9, pp. 12–18.
2. Antonyan Yu. M., Gul’dan V.V. Kriminal’naya patopsikhologiya [Criminal Psychology]. Moscow, 1991. 248 p.
3. Budagovskaya N.A., Dubrovskaya S.V., Karya­gina T.D. Adaptatsiya mnogofaktornogo oprosnika empatii M. Devisa [Adaptaiton of M. Davis multi-fac­tor questionnaire of empathy]. Konsul’tativnaya psi­khologiya i psikhoterapiya [Counseling psychology and psychotherapy], 2013, no. 1 (76), pp. 202–227.
4. Bulygina V. G. Izmerenie riskov nasiliya v sudeb­noi psikhiatrii [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologiche­skaya nauka i obrazovanie [Psychological practice and education], 2011, no. 1. Available at: URL: http:// psyjournals.ru/psyedu_ru/2011/n1/39935.shtml (As­sessed: 29.04.2015).
5. Grigor’ev I.S., Snedkov E.V. Perspektivy ispol’zovaniya standartizovannykh shkal dlya otsen­ki riska nasil’stvennykh deistvii psikhicheskikh bol’nykh [Perspectives of using standardized scales for assessing the risk of violent offences of psycho­logically disordered]. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsin­skoi psikhologii [Review of psychiatry and medical psychology], 2013, no. 1, pp. 32–36.
6. Gul’dan V.V. Motivatsiya protivopravnykh deistvii u psikhopaticheskikh lichnostei: avtoreferat dis. d-ra psikhol. nauk: 19.00.04. [Motivation of illegal acts and psychopathic personalities: Ph. D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 1985. 48 p.
7. Gur’eva V.A., Makushkin E.V., Vostroknutov N.V. i dr. Kriminal’noe agressivnoe povedenie podrost­kov [Criminal aggressive behavior of adolescents]. In T.B. Dmitrieva (eds.). Agressiya i psikhiche­skoe zdorov’e [Aggression and mental health]. Saint-Petersburg: Yuridicheskii tsentr Press, 2002, pp. 111–142.
8. Egorova M.S., Sitnikova M.A. Temnaya tria­da [The Dark triad] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikho­logicheskie issledovaniya [Psychological research], 2014, T. 7, no. 38. Available at: URL: http://psystudy. ru/index.php/num/2014v7n38/1071-egorova38.html (Assessed: 30.04.2015).
9. Enikolopov S.N., Meshkova N.V. Predubezhden­nost’ v kontekste svoistv lichnosti [Prejudicialness in the context of personality characteristics]. Psi­khologicheskii zhurnal [Psychological journal], 2010. Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 35–46.
10. Enikolopov S.N., Tsibul’skii N.P. Psikhomet­richeskii analiz russkoyazychnoi versii Oprosnika diagnostiki agressii A.Bassa i M.Perri [Psycho­metric analysis of Russian version of Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire]. Psikhologicheskii zhur­nal [Psychological journal], 2007, no. 1, pp. 115–124.
11. Kudryavtsev I.A., Morozova M.V., Savina O.F., Semenova O.F. Narusheniya proizvol’noi samoregu­lyatsii u lits, sovershivshikh agressivnye deistviya [Disfunction ofvoluntary regulation in individuals who performed aggressive acts]. In T.B. Dmitrieva (eds.). Agressiya i psikhicheskoe zdorov’e [Aggresion and mental helath]. Saint-Petersburg: Yuridicheskii tsentr Press, 2002, pp. 253–278.
12. Mitina O.V. Razrabotka i adaptatsiya psikho­logicheskikh oprosnikov [Development and adapta­tion of psychological questionnaires]. Moscow: Publ. Smysl, 2013, 240 p.
13. Murashova A.A. Aprobatsiya metodiki Shkala impul’sivnosti S. Barrata (BIS-11). Diplomnaya ra­bota. [Approbation of Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11). Thesis]. MGU, 2013.
14. Peregozhin L.O., Vostroknutov N.V. Asotsial’noe povedenie detei i podrostkov. Profilaktika i korrek­tsiya assotsiirovannykh psikhicheskikh rasstroistv. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. [Antisocial behavior in children and teenagers. Prophylactic treatment and correction of associated psychological disorders. Manual for therapists]. Moscow: FGBU «GNTsSSP im.V.P. Serbskogo» Minzdravsotsrazvitiya Rossii, 2012. 234 p.
15. Skalon A.D. Adaptatsiya metodiki issledovaniya stilei kriminal’nogo myshleniya. Diplomnaya rabota [Adaptation of Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles Thesis.]. MGU, 2012.
16. Sokolova E.T., Ivanishchuk G.A. Problema soznatel’noi i bessoznatel’noi manipulyatsii [The problem of conscious and unconscious manipula­tion] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologicheskie issle­dovaniya [Psychological research], 2013. T. 6, no. 28. Available at: URL: http://psystudy.ru/index (Assessed: 30.04.2015).
17. Shostakovich B.V. Lichnostnye rasstroistva i kriminal’naya agressiya [Personality disorders and criminal aggression]. In T.B. Dmitrieva (eds.). Agres­siya i psikhicheskoe zdorov’e [Aggression and men­tal health]. Saint-Petersburg: Yuridicheskii tsentr Press, 2002, p. 206–224.
18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Ar­lington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
19. Anderson J.L. et al. Examining the associations between DSM-5 section III antisocial personality disorder traits and psychopathy in community and university samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2014. Vol. 28 (5), pp. 675–697.
20. Barry C.T. et al. The importance of callousu­nemotional traits for extending the concept of psy­chopathy to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychol­ogy, 2000. Vol. 109 (2), pp. 335–340.
21. Bettencourt B.N., Talley A., Benjamin A.J., Va­lentine J. Personality and Aggressive Behavior Un­der Provoking and Neutral Conditions: A Meta-Ana­lytic Review. Psychological bulletin, 2006. Vol. 132 (5), pp. 751–777.
22. Dahle K.P. Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: a comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 2006. Vol. 29 (5), pp.431–442.
23. Davis M.H. A multidimensional approach to in­dividual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1980. Vol. 10 (4), 85 p.
24. Frick P.J., White S.F. The importance of callousu­nemotional traits for developmental models of ag­gressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2008. Vol. 49 (4), pp. 359–375.
25. Hall J., Benning S.D., Patrick C.J. Criterion-rela­ted validity of the threefactor model of psychopathy: Personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning. As­sessment, 2004. Vol. 11, pp. 4–16.
26. Hare R.D., Clark D., Grann M., Thornton D. Psy­chopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2000. Vol. 18 (5), pp. 623–645.
27. Hare R.D., Neumann C.S. Psychopathy: As­sessment and forensic implications. Canadian Jour­nal of Psychiatry, 2009. Vol. 54, pp. 791–802.
28. Hildebrand M., Ruiter de C. PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a sample of male forensic psychiatric patients in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psy­chiatry, 2004. Vol. 27, pp. 233–248.
29. Johansson P., Andershed H., Kerr M. & Le­vander S. On the operationalization of psychopathy: Further support for a three-faceted personality-ori­ented model. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2002. Vol. 106, pp. 81–85.
30. Jones D.N., Paulhus D. L. Different provoca­tions trigger aggression in narcissists and psycho­paths. Social Psychological and Personality Sci­ence, 2010. Vol. 1, pp. 12–18.
31. Lilienfeld S. O., Andrews B. P. Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncrimnal popu­lation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1996. Vol. 66 (3), pp. 488–524.
32. Neumann C.S., Hare R.D., Newman J.P. The super-ordinate nature of psychopath. Journal of Per­sonality Disorders, 2007. Vol. 21, pp. 102–117.
33. Patrick C.J. Operationalizing the Triarchic Con­ceptualization of Psychopathy: Preliminary Descrip­tion of Brief Scales for Assessment of Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition. Florida State Univer­sity. Unpublished manual, 2010.
34. Patrick C.J., Fowles D.C., Krueger R.F. Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 2009. Vol. 21, pp. 913–938.
35. Patton J. H., Stanford M.S., Barratt E.S. Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1995, no. 51, pp. 768–774.
36. Poy R., Segarra P., Esteller A., et al. FFM de­scription of the triarchic conceptualization of psy­chopathy in men and women. Psychological Assess­ment, 2014. Vol. 26 (1), pp. 69–76.
37. Reidy D.E., Zeichner A., Martinez M.A. Effects of psychopathy traits on unprovoked aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 2008. Vol. 34, pp. 319–328.
38. Skeem J.L., Cooke D.J. One measure does not a construct make: Directions toward reinvigorating psychopathy research – reply to Hare and Neu­mann. American Psychological Association, 2010. Vol. 22 (2), pp. 455–459.
39. Walters G.D. Current and historical content scales for the Psychological Inventory of Criminal thinking Styles (PICTS). Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2002, no. 7, pp. 73–86.
40. Walters G.D. The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part I. Reliability and ini­tial validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1995. Vol. 22, pp. 307–325.