Screening diagnostics of antivital experiences and propensity toward impulsive, autoagressive behavior in adolescents (preliminary results)

Development of methods for revealing antivital experiences and propensity to autoaggressive behavior in educational institutions is one of the key steps in developing strategies for the primary prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective screening diagnostic package aimed at identifying antivital experiences and propensity to autoaggressive behavior. The survey methods we used were: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Russell Loneliness Scale, A.G. Shmelev Suicide Risk Questionnaire, PDQ-IV Borderline disorder and Narcissism scales. At the first stage we examined 750 minors aged 12-18 and identified risk group (85 people – 11.4%), which included adolescents with high levels of both individual scales, and their combination. At the second stage we examined 10 adolescents at risk. In 7 of them (70%) were identified antivital, suicidal thoughts of passive or compulsive nature, signs of subjective and objective socio- psychological maladjustment. Our preliminary conclusion is that high levels of hopelessness and loneliness in adolescents are stable predictors of mental and emotional distress and psychosocial maladjustment in the period of psychological crises and decompensation of character accentuation of borderline and narcissistic types. These scales can be recommended for primary screening of antivital (depressive) experiences and propensity to autoaggressive behavior in adolescents.

1. Ambrumova A.G., Tikhonenko V.A. Diagnostika suitsidal'nogo povedeniia. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii [Diagnostics of suicidal behavior. Methodological recommendations]. Mоscow: Moskov. NII psihiatrii MZ RSFSR, 1980. 28 р.
2. Ambrumova A.G. Psikhologiia odinochestva i suitsid. Aktual'nye problemy suitsidologii [Psychology of loneliness and suicide. Current issues of suicidology]. Mоscow: Moskov. NII psikhiatrii MZ RSFSR. 1981. Т. 92. Р. 69–81.
3. Bannikov G.S. Rol' lichnostnykh osobennostei v formirovanii struktury depressii i reaktsii dezadaptatsii [The role of personality traits in depression structure formation and disadaptive responses]: Avtoref. dis. … kand. med. nauk. Mоscow, 1998. 22 р.
4. Bannikov G.S., Koshkin K.A. Antivital'nye perezhivaniia, autoagressivnoe povedenie i osobennosti            lichnostnogo profilia podrostka [Antivital experiences, self-destructive behavior and personality traits in adolescence]. Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Vrach-aspirant» [Research and Practice Journal “Postgraduate student in medicine”]. 2012. T. 6.2 (55). Р. 266–277.
5. Bek A., Rash A., Sho B., Emeri G. Kognitivnaia terapiia depressii [Cognitive therapy of depression]. Sankt-Peterburg: Piter, 2003. 304 р.
6. Bek P. Psikhometricheskie shkaly otsenki suitsidal'nogo riska [Psychometric scales of suicide risk assessment]/ P. Bek, L. Ol'sen, A. Nimeus. Naprasnaia smert'. Prichina i profilaktika samoubiistv [Death in vain: reasons and prevention of suicides]/ Red. D. Vasserman. Mоscow: Smysl, 2005. 310 р.
7. Birkin A.A., Voitsekh V.F., Zakondyrina V.A., Kucher A.A. Profilaktika suitsidal'nogo povedeniia [Suicidal behavior prevention]. Murmansk: Pazori. -2004. 77 р.
8. Vagin Iu.R. Profilaktika suitsidal'nogo i addiktivnogo povedeniia u podrostkov [Prevention of suicidal and addictive behavior in adolescents]. Perm': Departament obrazovanija i nauki Administracii Perm. obl., 1999. 110 р.
9. Voitsekh V.F., Gal'tsev E.V. Narushenie adaptatsii i suitsidal'noe povedenie u molodezhi [Disruption of adaptation and suicidal behavior in youth]. Sotsial'naia i klinicheskaia psikhiatriia [Social and clinical psychiatry]. 2009. T. 19. № 2. Р. 17–25.
10. Vsemirnaia Organizatsiia Zdravookhraneniia (VOZ). URL: http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/ru/index.html (data obrashcheniia: 12.09.2013).
11. Debol'skii M.G., Matveeva I.A. Suitsidal'noe povedenie osuzhdennykh, podozrevaemykh i obviniaemykh v mestakh lisheniia svobody [Suicidal behavior of those suspected of and charged with crimes in detention] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologiia i pravo [Psychology and Law]. 2013. №3. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2013/n3/63783.shtml (data obrashcheniia: 18.01.2014).
12. Diagnostika lichnosti [Personality assessment]/ Sost. T. N. Razuvaeva. Shadrinsk: Iset’, 1993. 26 р.
13. Ishmukhametov I.N. Psikhometricheskie kharakteristiki shkaly odinochestva ucla (versiia 3): izuchenie studentov vuza [Psychometric characteristics of UCLA Loneliness scale (3 version): research on students]. Computer Model lingand New Technologies. 2006. Vol.10. № 3. P. 89–95.
14. Kargin A.M., Kholmogorova A.B., Voitsekh V.F. Lichnostnye faktory suitsidal'nogo povedeniia u patsientov krizisnogo statsionara, sovershivshikh suitsidal'nye popytki [Personal factors of suicidal behavior in patients of crisis clinic department who have committed suicidal attempts]. Sotsial'naia i klinicheskaia psikhiatriia [Social and Clinical Psychiatry] T. 19. № 4. Р. 15–20.
15. Krasnova V.V., Kholmogorova A.B. Sotsial'naia trevozhnost' i suitsidal'naia napravlennost' u studentov [Social anxiety and suicidality in students]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii [Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry]. 2013. № 4. Р. 50–53.
16. Labirinty odinochestva [Labyrinths of loneliness]: Per. s angl. Sost., obshch.red. i predisl. N. E. Pokrovskogo. Mоscow: Progress, 1989. 624 р.
17. Miagkikh N.I., Larina N.I. Teoriia i praktika psikhologii krizisnykh situatsii [Theory and practice of psychology of crisis situations] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologiia i pravo [Psychology and Law]. 2011. №2. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2011/n2/40903.shtml (data obrashcheniia: 18.01.2014).
18. Pavlova T.S. Koping-strategii podrostkov s antivital'nymi perezhivaniiami [Coping strategies in adolescents with non-vital emotional experiences]. Psikhologicheskaia nauka i obrazovanie PSYEDU.ru [Psychological Science and Education PSYEDU.ru], 2013. № 1. Available at: http://psyedu.ru/ (Accessed 07.10.2013).
19. Rostomova L.N. Aktualizatsiia konstruktivnogo perezhivaniia viny nesovershennoletnimi pravonarushiteliami [Actualization of constructive guilt in minor delinquents] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologiia i pravo [Psychology and Law]. 2011. №2. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2011/n2/40906.shtml (data obrashcheniia: 18.01.2014).
20. Sal'kovskis P.M. Psikhologicheskoe lechenie suitsidal'nykh patsientov [Psychological treatment of suicidal patients]/ P.M. Sal'kovskis. Naprasnaia smert'. Prichina i profilaktika samoubiistv [Death in vain: reasons and prevention of suicides]/ Red. D. Vasserman. Mоscow: Smysl, 2005. Р. 171–184.
21. Khenzeler Kh. Vklad psikhoanaliza v problemu suitsida [Psychoanalysis contribution to better understanding of suicide]. Entsiklopediia glubinnoi psikhologii [Encyclopedia of depth psychology] T.II. Per. s nem. Mоscow: Kogito-Centr: MDM, 2001. Р. 88–102.
22. Kholmogorova A.B., Garanian N.G., Gorshkova D.A., Mel'nik A.M. Suitsidal'noe povedenie v studencheskoi populiatsii [Suicidal behavior in students]. Kul'turno-istoricheskaia psikhologiia [Cultural-historical psychology], 2009. № 3. pp. 101–110.
23. Beck, A.T. Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation/ A.T. Beck, R.A. Steer, M. Kovacs, B. Garrison // Amtrican Journal Psychiatry. 1985. Vol. 142(5). P. 559–563.
24. Bridge J.A., Golstein T.R., Brent D.A. Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior // Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006. Vol. 47 (3/4). P. 372–394.
25. Cull J., Gill W. Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1988. P. 35–39.
26. DSM-IV-TR American Psychiatric Association «Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR». Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2000. 955 p.
27. Eggert L., Thompson E., Herting J. A measure of adolescent potential for suicide (MAPS): development and preliminary findings// Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 1994. Vol. 24. P. 359–381.
28. Firestone R., Firestone L. Voices in suicide: The relationship between self-destructive thought processes, maladaptive behavior, and self-destructive manifestations// Death Studies.1998. № 22. P. 411–443.
29. Goldston D. Assessment of suicidal behaviors and risk among children and adolescents. 2000 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.suicidology.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=235&name=DLFE-141.pdf (дата обращения 14.10.2013).
30. Joiner T.E., Pfaff J.J., Acres J.G. A brief screening tool for suicidal symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general health settings: reliability and validity data from the Australian National General Practice Youth Suicide Prevention Project // Behavior Research and Therapy. 2002. № 40. P. 471–481.
31. Joiner T. Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2005. 63 p.
32. Kazdin A., Rodgers A., Colbus D. The Hopelessness Scale for Children: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity// Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology.1986. № 54. Р. 241–245.
33. Lewinsohn, P. The Life Attitudes Schedule: A scale to assess adolescent life-enhancing and life-threatening behaviors/ P. Lewinsohn, J. Langhinrichsen-Rohling, R. Langford, P. Rohde, J. Seeley, J. Chapman// Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 1995. № 25. Р. 458–474.
34. McGee R., Williams S., Nada-Raja S. Low self-esteem and hopelessness in childhood and suicidal ideation in early adulthood // Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2001. Vol. 29. № 4. Р. 281–291.
35. Meichenbaum D. 35 years of working with suicidal patients: Lessons learned // Canadian Psychology. 2005. Vol. 46. Р. 64–72.
36. Page R., Yanagishita J., et. al. Hopelessness and loneliness among suicide attempters in school-based samples of Taiwanese, Philippine and Thai adolescents // School Psychology International. 2006.Vol.27(5). P. 583–598.
37. Randell B.P., Eggert L.L., Pike K.C. Immediate Post Intervention Effects of Two Brief Suicide Prevention Interventions // Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001. Vol. 31(1). Р. 41–61.
38. Roxborough H.M., Hewitt P.L., Kaldas J., Flett G.L., Caelian C.M., Sherry S., Sherry D.L. Perfectionistic self-presentation, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicide in youth: A test of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model // Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2012. Vol. 42(2). Р. 217–233.
39. Russell D. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure // Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996. Vol. 66. Р. 20–40.
40. Shaffer M.J., Delgado J.A. Field techniques for modeling nitrogen management //Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management / Ed. by A. Follett et al. N. Y: Elsevier, 2001. Р. 391–411.
41. Wenzel A., Beck A.T. A cognitive model of Suicidal Behavior: Theory and Treatment // Applied and Preventive Psychology. 2008. № 12. Р. 189–201.
42. World Health Organization. Suicide rates and absolute numbers of suicide by country (2002). URL: http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/ (дата обращения: 10.12.2013).