Impact of Parents' Motivation for Ethnocultural Continuity and Acculturation Strategies on Acculturation of Children in Russian Families in Latvia

The paper presents outcomes of an empirical research on the relationship between motivation for ethno¬cultural continuity and acculturation strategies in ethnocultural minorities (with Russians in Latvia as an example). Since acculturation is a process that affects several generations, we adopted a research plan that involved representatives of two generations of a family (parents and children). 112 Russian families partici¬pated in the research (parents: N=112, age 35—59, Me=42; children: N=112, age 16—24, Me=17). A question-naire we used included J. Berry's acculturation strategies, scales of satisfaction with life and oneself, and the Motivation for Ethnocultural Continuity scale by C. Ward. The employed structural modeling revealed that acculturation strategies of the children correlate significantly with those of their parents as well as with their own motivation for ethnicultural continuity. The adolescents' choice of integration strategy is positively relat¬ed to their satisfaction with themselves; however, in the cases of marginalization and assimilation this relation is negative.

1. Ryabichenko T.A. Individual'nye tsennosti kak predik-2.
2. Lebedeva N.M (eds.) Strategii mezhkul'turnogo vza­tory strategii akkul'turatsii etnicheskikh men'shinstv imodeistviya migrantov i naseleniya Rossii: Sbornik nauch­[Individual values as predictors of ethnic minorities' accultur-nykh statei [The strategies of interethnic relations of ethnic ation strategies]. In Yasin E.G. (ed.) Piatnadtzataya minorities and population of Russia].Moscow: RUDN, 2009. aprel'skaya mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya po 420 p. problemam razvitiya ekonomiki i obshchestva: v 4-kh knigakh.
3. Berry J. Psychology of acculturation. In J. Berman [Proceedings of the Fifteenth April International Academic (Ed.). Cross-cultural perspectives: Nebraska Symposium on motivation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. Vol.37, pp. 201—234.
4. Berry J.W., Sabatier C. Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2010. Vol. 34(3), pp. 191—207.
5. Berry J.W., Sabatier C. Variations in the assessment of acculturation attitudes: Their relationships with psychologi­cal wellbeing. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2011. Vol. 35., pp. 658—669.
6. Cara O. The Acculturation of Russian-Speaking Adolescents in Latvia. Language Issues Three Years After the 2004 Education Reform. European Education, 2010. Vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 8—36.
7. Gezentsvey Lamy, M. A., Ward, C., Liu, J. Motivation for Ethno-cultural Continuity. Journal of Cross­Cultural Psychology, 2013. Vol. 44, pp.1047—1066.
8. Gezentsvey M., Ward C. Unveiling agency: A motiva­tional perspective on acculturation and adaptation. In Sorrentino R. (Eds.). Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures. San Diego: Elsevier. 2008, pp. 213—236
9. Gungor D. The interplay between values, acculturation and adaptation: A study on Turkish-Belgian adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 2007. Vol. 42 (6), pp. 380—392.
10. Hazans M. Labor Market Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Latvia.In Kahanec M. (eds.). Ethnic Diversity in European Labour Market Chalenges and Solutions, Cheltenham, United Kingdom, Northampton, Edward Elgar, United States, 2011, pp. 163—197.
11. Ivlevs A. Minorities on the move? Assessing post-enlargement emigration intentions of Latvia's Russian speak­ing minority. The Annals of Regional Science, 2013. Vol. 51, pp.33—52.
12. Jasinskaja-Lahti I. Long-term immigrant adaptation: eight-year follow-up study among immigrants from Russia and Estonia living in Finland. International Journal of Psychology, 2008. Vol. 43(1), pp. 6—18.
13. Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Horenczyk G., Kinunen T. Time and context in the relationship between acculturation atti­tudes and adaptation among Russian-speaking immigrants in Finland and Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2011. Vol. 37, pp. 1423—1440.
14. Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Liebkind K., Horenczyk G., Schmitz P. The interactive nature of acculturation: perceived discrimination, acculturation attitudes and stress among young ethnic repatriates in Finland, Israel and Germany. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2003. Vol. 27 (1), pp. 79—97.
15. Jetten J., Hutchison P. When groups have a lot to lose: Historical continuity enhances resistance to a merger. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2011. Vol. 41, pp. 335—343.
16. Kruusvall J., Vetik R., Berry J.W. The Strategies of Inter-Ethnic Adaptation of Estonian Russians. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 2009. Vol.1, issue 1, pp. 3—24.
17. Kus-Harbord L., Ward C. Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet Estonia: Perceived devaluation, acculturation, well­-being, and ethnic attitudes. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2015. Vol. 4(1), pp. 66—81.
18. Naturalizacija [Elektronnyi resurs], 2014. Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.lv/lv/Arpolitika/integracija/pilsoni­ba/naturalizacija/ [Naturalization] (Accessed 28.10.2014).
19. Nguyen A. M., Benet-Martinez V. Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross­Cultural Psychology, 2013. Vol. 44(1), pp. 122—159.
20. Pilsonibas un migracijas lietu parvaldes iedzivotaju registrs [Elektronnyi resurs] [The Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs Population Register]. Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.lv/lv/Arpolitika/integracija/pilsoniba/l ikums/ (Accessed 28.10.2014).
21. Pisarenko O. The Acculturation Modes of Russian Speaking Adolescents in Latvia: Perceived Discrimination and Knowledge of the Latvian Language. Europe­Asia Studies, 2006. Vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 751—773.
22. Reicher S. Making a past fit for the future: The politi­cal and ontological dimensions of historical continuity. In F. Sani (ed.) Self continuity: Individual and collective perspec­tives. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2008, pp. 145—158.
23. Roccas S., Horenczyk G., Schwartz S.H. Acculturation discrepancies and well-being: the moderating role of conform­ity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2000. Vol. 30, issue 3, pp. 323—334.
24. Rudmin F. W. Steps towards the renovation of accul­turation research paradigms. Culture and Psychology, 2010. Vol. 16, pp. 299—312.
25. Sam D.L., Berry J.W. (eds.). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 576 p.
26. Sani F., Bowe M., Herrera M. Perceived collective con­tinuity: Seeing groups as temporally enduring entities. In F. Sani (ed.) Self continuity: Individual and collective perspec­tives. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2008, pp. 159—172.
27. Sani F., Bowe M., Herrera M., Manna C., Cossa T., Miao X., Zhou Y. Perceived collective continuity: Seeing groups as entities that move through time. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2007. Vol. 37, pp. 1118—1134.
28. Sani F., Herrera M., Bowe M. Perceived collective con­tinuity and ingroup identification as defence against death awareness. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 2009. Vol. 45, pp. 242—245.
29. Smeekes A., Verkuyten M. When national culture is disrupted: cultural continuity and resistance to Muslim immi­grants. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2014. Vol. 17(1), pp. 45—66.
30. Statistical Yearbook of Latvia 2013. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Riga. 2014. 535 p.
31. Ward C. Probing identity, integration and adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2013. Vol 37, pp. 391—401.
32. Zepa B., Supule I., Klave I., Krastina L., Krisa ne J., Tomsone I. Ethnopolitical Tension in Latvia: Looking for the conflict solution. Riga: Baltic Institute of Social Sciences, 2005. 81 p.