Evolution of preschool girls’ beauty standards over the recent 10 years: findings of the experimental longitudinal study

Introduction

In 2014, we conducted a study on a contribution of fashion dolls and the accompanying production (girl magazines, social media) to development of preschool girls’ physical attractiveness standards (Shalygina, Kholmogorova, 2014, 2015). At that time, the standard of anorexic “beauty” was extremely popular in the mass culture. The pursuit of this standard cost many women their health and often their lives. Internalizing the scaffold of attractive looks with its obligatory attribute of a young, thin and fit body1 translated through socio-cultural messages, on the one hand, and a negative attitude towards people with larger body sizes and weight, on the other hand, is one of the risk factors for the development of disordered eating and eating disorders (DE and EDs)2, as well as mental problems, including low self-esteem, distress, disorders of body image, anxiety and depression3.

We decided to replicate the “Doll Choice” experiment ten years later to find out whether the preferences in perceiving physical attractiveness had changed in the new generation of preschool girls, whose frame of reference including the ideas about beauty develops relying on their environment. At each developmental stage, “there develops a completely original, exclusive, single, and unique relation, specific to the given age, between the child and reality, is formed between the child and the surrounding reality, mainly the social reality, that surrounds him. The social situation of development represents the initial moment for all dynamic changes that occur in development during a given period. It determines wholly and completely the forms and the path along which the child will acquire newer personality characteristics, drawing them from the social reality as from the basic source of development, the path along which the social becomes individual” (Vygotsky, 1984, vol. 4, p. 258).

Skeletal thinness has given way to a sporty physique with a thin waist and visible muscle relief (Kholmogorova & Rakhmanina, 2020). The body positivity movement has been growing and has tended to normalize obesity and promote bodies of a dangerously large weight. The body has ceased to be an individual’s personal given having become an object of close attention at all — macrosocial, family, personal and interpersonal4 — levels. Physical perfectionism (an increased concern about one’s appearance, one’s wish to meet unhealthy standards) was studied in several Russian studies under the supervision of A.B. Kholmogorova. Their findings allow us to trace the dynamic changes in the spread and pathogenicity of this phenomenon. These studies showed that 80% of younger adolescents studying in Moscow grammar schools were dissatisfied with their appearance and physique; more than half of them invested efforts to lose weight and even expressed readiness for surgical intervention in order to improve their appearance (Kholmogorova & Dadeko, 2010). They confirmed the effect of macro- and microsocial factors on the development of physical perfectionism, the severity of which correlated with the levels of emotional distress, depression and anxiety symptoms (Tarkhanova, 2014); and revealed a high correlation between the physical perfectionism levels and a fear of negative evaluation and rejection from other people (Kholmogorova & Rakhmanina, 2020). It was found that women who participated in fitness marathons and spent a significant amount of time on Instagram5 both had heightened expectations as to their own physical perfection, and demonstrated symptoms of mental distress, including suicidal tendencies (Lepesheva & Kholmogorova, 2021). A study of the family context of DE in adolescents showed that the cultural focus on external perfection and adherence to unhealthy standards manifested itself in interpersonal relationships within the family via general perfectionism: The desire to meet the others’ high expectations, demonstration of a prosperous façade, and a focus on one’s own imperfection (Sukhanova, & Kholmogorova, 2022).

Stice at al. (2017) note that the disturbed attitudes toward weight, body shape, and nutrition are crucial for the development and maintenance of destructive, lethal, and costly EDs. The classification of EDs as lethal is confirmed by statistics: According to the American National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Related Disorders (ANAD), 10 out of 200 American deaths each year are caused by eating disorders, that is, one death every 62 minutes. More than 70% of people with EDs also have other medical conditions, most often anxiety and mood disorders6.

EDs occur mainly in adolescence. Girls begin to worry about their weight as early as at 6—10 years old; at 14 years old, 60—70% of girls attempt at losing weight; about 12% of teenage girls have some form of ED7. A meta-analysis of 32 studies using the SCOFF questionnaire (January, 1999 — November, 2022) embracing 63,191 people from 

16 countries, showed that the share of EDs in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years was 22%, with girls reporting EDs significantly more often than boys (López-Gil at al., 2023). Russian medical specialists also registered cases of the onset of EDs as early as at 6—7 years old (Sukhanova & Kholmogorova, 2022). The growth of disordered eating is confirmed by the obesity statistics, and in particular, the obesity epidemic among children and adolescents8. The study findings (Flitman et al., 2024) suggest a high level of comorbidity between obesity, depressive symptoms and anxiety in children and adolescents.

The severity of EDs, their high prevalence and early onset necessitate comprehensive investigation, including studies on the development of ideal beauty standards in childhood and adolescence9.

In previously published articles, we emphasized a special role of the dolls in the development of children’s identity, their emotional impact on the child’s developing personality. In 2016, the Mattel company released a new Fashionista line of Barbie dolls with varying body types: The standard Barbie (Original) got a company of “plump” dolls (Curvy), tall (Tall) and miniature (Petite) dolls, all except Curvy were excessively thin. These dolls were used in a study (Harriger et al., 2019) of attitudes to body shape and size in girls aged 3 to 1010. We refer to the results of that study for the purpose of comparison.

Methods

Sample.

The study involved 30 girls (28 preschool girls aged 4 to 6 years old studying at a private Moscow kindergarten) and 2 first-grade students of a Moscow grammar school (aged 8 years old); parental consent was obtained for all the girls.

«Doll Choice” Experiment Procedure

Five dolls were presented to the girl. Four of them belonged to the “fashion” segment, and namely, a Barbie doll, a Bratz doll, a “Surprise Tube Doll”, a KariKids doll and one was a porcelain doll of the same height and a regular child physique (a Girl Doll). The dolls were selected based on the number of marketplace reviews confirming their popularity. The girls were asked to choose the doll they liked the most, and to describe it. Then, the doll “went about its business”, and the child had to make a choice from the remaining dolls again until there was only one doll left, which the girls described as well.

Results

Each choice from the first to the last was assessed on the scale from 4 to 0, respectively (i.e. Top 1 = 4, Top 2 = 3; Top 3 = 2; Top 4 = 1; Top 5 = 0). Table 1 presents findings describing the results of the girls’ choice.

The Barbie doll was in the lead. It was the first-choice doll more often than others; it was followed by its cheap analogue — «a Surprise Tube Doll», KariKids — a doll representing a fragile pre-teen girl — was slightly behind it.

It should be noted that the range of dolls has changed over 10 years. Barbie, Bratz and Monster High that used to be highly popular have lower representation on the market places. Their price has increased sharply11. When comparing the choices in 2014 and 2024, it can be noted that Bratz dolls12, which were at the peak of their popularity in 2014, have lost their leadership. Their large detachable feet and massive shoes left the participants bewildered, whereas earlier this feature used to be perceived positively. It can be assumed that the girls’ choice was influenced by the fashion for the doll and its popularity. 

Table1. Distribution of the Dolls by the Choice Order, Number of Choices and Total Score

The Girl Doll was out of the girls’ focus again. It became the first and the second choice only once; twice it became the third choice, it remained the last, that is, not chosen, 16 times. In their experiment, Harriger and colleagues (2019) also showed 4 dolls to the girls limiting their choice with 2 options: To choose the one they would like to play with and point to the one they would not like to play with. The “Curvy” doll was characterized as “ugly” (59%) and most often (39%) they pointed to it when the experimenter asked the question, “Which one of them would you not like to play with?”, arguing their refusal with its “plumpness” and thickness (25%) or presenting no arguments at all (25%). The girls almost never pointed to the original Barbie when asked this question (1.7%).

We conducted a qualitative analysis of the dolls’ descriptions and divided all the mentioned characteristics into two categories: Representing the actual body image characteristics and representing the decorative characteristics related to clothes, accessories, shoes and makeup. Each mention of a particular characteristic was registered in Table 2, regardless of their valence (positive or negative).

The first thing the girls mentioned was the dolls’ hair, its color, “texture” (A., 6 years old), length. They used such epithets as “beautiful, long, unusual, smooth, sleek, lush, silky, like Cinderella’s” often comparing it with their own hair,

“Her hair is almost like mine, as if it were made from my hair” (A., 6 years old); “Her hair color is the same as my tips, look” (A., 7 years old).

It is interesting that in Harriger and colleagues’ (2019) experiment, where the dolls had the same hair and hairstyles, 14% of the girls said they did not like the “Curvy” doll’s hair.

Table 2. Dolls’ Body Characteristics Mentioned by the Girls 

writes about this referencing the director of the publishing house's toy department E. Yuryeva. She did not disclose the volume of the investment in this development, but admitted that the market situation after Mattel's departure "allows to recoup the investment fairly quickly."

Some sources estimated the investment as 400 million rubles. https :// retailer . ru / izdatelstvo - ast - zapustit - proizvodstvo - kukol - na - zamenu- barbie / article was being written, marketplaces reported the return of Bratz dolls - "the legendary foursome of friends whose passion for fashion and desire for success are still strong."

Facial features (119) were top 2 among most frequent characteristics mentioned, especially when the eyes were highlighted. For example, Barbie and Surprise Doll have eyes matching the facial proportions, and the girls hardly paid any attention to them; Barbie’s eyes were mentioned only 4 times, and Surprise Doll’s eyes were mentioned twice. Meanwhile, as the eyes grew larger and brighter, the number of mentions increased sharply: KariKids had 13, Bratz and Girl Doll had 11 and 10 mentions, respectively. Bratz’s pumped-up lips earned 18 comments, 14 of which were positive, “I like her coloured lips” (A., 6 years old); “Her lips are plump and beautiful” (M., 5 years old); some statements conveyed parents’ preferences, “I don’t want this one, she has big lips, and my mother and I don’t like big lips” (A., 7 years old). 

There were 5 mentions of Girl Doll’s lips, but they were all negative, “The lips are not very good — somewhat thin” (M., 6 years old); “The lips are yellow, but they should be red, I don’t like it” (E., 5 years old); “Her lips are all mush, as if she has just eaten porridge” (K., 6 years old).

These contrasting descriptions do not only reflect what the girls thought the lips should be like, but also what they thought they should not be like.

Another characteristic mentioned was skin: “I like her skin, it’s a little tanned” (T., 6 years old); “Her skin is beautiful — it’s glossy” (S., 6 years old). There were 13 comments like that, whereas in 2014, during the experiment, we found almost no comments about skin13.

When describing the fashion dolls’ physique, girls used such words as “slender; tall; neat; flexible; thin; very thin; thin body shape;a good physique — a thin waist; and it’s curvier here; I like it very thin on top, but thick here”. The girls explained the doll’s thinness by ballet classes or sports, “She has a figure that suits ballet” (T., 7 years old). 22 assumptions were made that fashion dolls did sports (running, swimming, stretching, gymnastics) and 15 assumptions were made that they did ballet or dancing. Оnly 2 assumptions out of 37 described a girl doll (that she did somersaults and danced). The girls seemed to directly associate thinness with physical activity. The girls’ predictions about the physical activity of each doll are shown in Table 3.

Just like 10 years ago, during the experiment, we observed the process of identification, i.e. comparing one’s looks to the doll’s appearance, which confirms the hypothesis about the girls’ perception of the dolls as role models involved in the development of ideas about attractiveness. Here are some examples,

“She has long hair like Rapunzel. I also used to have long hair, but I cut it, and now I regret it, because I also want long hair” (A., 7 years old); “I like her eyes and dress, my mother bought me almost the same one, but black. Her eyes are cute, I like them, the arrows reach here, I also had them on my face until they disappeared, I also have a heart on my face. Her sneakers are like mine and my mother’s” (A., 7 years old); “Her eyes are brown, like mine (laughing). I have brown eyes too” (M., 6 years old); “She looks a little like me — brown eyes and hair, (then, looking at her earrings), — But I’m afraid to pierce my ears” (S., 6 years old); “She looks like me, her hair and her eyes are of the same color “ (N., 8 years old).

The girls compare their appearance with the dolls’ looks, and compare their own and dolls’ skills,  “She can do the splits, I also do gymnastics, I just need a bit more time to do the splits” (A., 7 years old); “This is how she can do it, like a ballerina. I can do it too, but it makes my bones crunch” (A., 7 years old); “She likes stretching, I do it too” (S., 4 years old).

In one case, we encountered a projection of one’s feelings onto the Girl Doll, “She is very sad because she is leaving kindergarten for school” (S., 7 years old).

Much attention was paid to the doll’s external design, and namely, clothes, especially the 

stunning, she wants to dress up for the ball. She has a beautiful dress, without a dress she is not so stunning. She has a crown, there is space in the dress for boobs (points to the cleavage). When the boyfriend comes to her, he will say, “You are stunning, just like me!” And they will go to the ball” (A., 7 years old). 

Table 3. Girls’ Assumptions about Dolls’ Physical Activity

Table 4. Number of Comments on Decorative Characteristics

Table 5. Total Number of Comments for Each Doll

Table 6. Dolls’ Assumed Activities15

In some cases, the dislike of the appearance indicated that the beauty standards had already been formed. For example, when describing Bratz, S., 7 years old, said, 

“I don’t like her. Her suit is shabby, there is a spot which is like a mole on her face, I don’t like thick boots, earrings. There is nothing good. She would go and dye her hair white.”

If we look at Table 6 and read the girls’ statements about the dolls’ intended activities carefully, we will see that they are good at reading the image implied by the creators (Surprise Doll is most often associated by the girls with the image of a princess/ queen, whose life is filled with dresses, balls, pleasures and boyfriends; Bratz is associated with exotic countries, the sea, the beach, and cafes).

Unlike the fashion dolls, Girl Doll is presented as an ordinary one, going to kindergarten (2 answers) or school (7 answers),

“She is a schoolgirl, an excellent student, excellent girls are always like that, with ribbons instead of loose hair” (A., 6 years old); “She is realistic, just like a person. She is going to the store to buy an album and paints” (A., 8 years old).

Her potential activities include walking in the Sokolniki Park, hide-and-seek or other games, drawing; she could be a doctor, a hairdresser (no one sent her to a ball or a fashion show). In the only case where the girl doll was a Top 1 choice, S., 6 years old, said, “She — her hair, dress, eyes, smile — looks very beautiful”, but other descriptions sounded rejecting, snobbish, even aggressive,

“Is it possible not to choose her? I don’t like her, I don’t like everything about her: her sundress, her T-shirt, her curly hair. And what a face, uh! It’s ugly! Let her go to the dog show to choose a dog for herself” (A., 5 years old); “I don’t like this one the most, I don’t even want to keep it, the skirt is like a servant’s one, I don’t like her at all. Her hair is not like Barbie’s. She will clean the castle of two Barbies I have already mentioned, they live in the castle” (S., 7 years old); “She has an old dress, she looks like Cinderella when she is at home” (S., 6 years old); “Her head is somewhat small (laughs), awkward” (M., 6 years old); “Her sandals are strange” (E., 5 years old); “I would give her the role of a villain in a cartoon where she is a child criminal” (N., 8 years old).

One of the girls told the following story about this doll: “Her lips are all mush, as if she had just eaten porridge, and her hands are big. She came to us from the coolest park on our planet, because she was expelled from there, because she looks ugly there. She needs to put on earrings, go get her ears pierced, put on a rainbow dress, put on beautiful shoes on her feet, so that everyone will greet her” (K., 6 years old).

In this story the girl worded the ideology of consumerism imposing the attitude of external perfection, and the need for others’ admiration quite accurately. There is no place for those who look ugly in this world. Erich Fromm, who laid the foundations for understanding of the role that cultural pathology plays in the origin of personality pathology16, was deeply interested in the difference between being and possession. He inferred that “…possession and being are two basic modes of human existence, the predominance of one of which determines the differences in the individuals’ characters and types of social character” (Fromm, 1990, p. 22).

Discussion

We deem the studies on fashion dolls to be important as fashion dolls represent the values of the contemporary society, including the desire for physical perfection.

The findings of the “Doll Choice” experiment replicated 10 years after the original one confirmed the hypothesis that standards of external attractiveness and beauty develop very early, and by the senior preschool age, the girls preferred fashion dolls with their unrealistically thin bodies, and rejected a doll with a regular physique. Body slimness was often associated with physical activity, i.e. sports and/or dancing. Skin was a new significant body characteristic that the girls mentioned.

Much attention was still paid to the external design and decoration, i.e. clothes and accessories. In 2024, the number of the related comments turned out to exceed the number of comments on bodily characteristics (in contrast to the findings as of 2014). The girls listed even the most insignificant outfit details meticulously, often giving them an emotional assessment (I like — I don’t like / beautiful — ugly).

The girls associated the dolls’ appearance with a certain life style. They believed that fashion dolls bought clothes, went to parties and visited friends, performed at some shows, while “ordinary” Girl Doll went to school or kindergarten, worked as a doctor or “made something with her hands”.

It is worth mentioning that most girls emotionally responded with admiration and joy when interacting with fashion dolls, whereas Girl Doll evoked neutral or negative emotion. Vygotsky believed experiencing (perezhivanie) to be a unit for studying personality and environment, “The child’s perezhivanie is also this kind of very simple unit about which we must not say that in itself it represents the influence of the environment on the child or the individuality of the child himself; perezhivanie is the unit of the personality and the environment as it is represented in development. Thus, in development, the unity of environmental and personality factors happens in a series of perezhivanie of the child. Perezhivanie must be understood as the internal relation of the child as a person to one factor or another of reality” (Vygotsky, 1984, v. 4, p. 382, translation by Veresov, 2017, p. 64)17.

Nowadays, social and mass media have been promoting body positivity ideas. There are TV shows engaging participants with higher weight. However, our experimental data confirm that a thin body has remained the preferred beauty standard in girls aged 4—8 years. The subject of developing standards of physical attractiveness in children and adolescents is extremely relevant and requires further research. 

Conclusion

1. The results of the experiment and the analysis of the girls’ verbal statements allow us to infer that they prefer bodily standards represented by fashion dolls with unrealistically thin bodies and reject dolls with a regular, realistic body type. This finding is consistent with similar findings of other colleagues (Harriger et al., 2019). The criteria of attractiveness also embrace bright design including makeup, clothes, accessories. Contemporary girls paid more attention to these details than their peers 10 years ago and associated external attractiveness with situations of acceptance, success and admiration. Thus, it can be argued that the social situation of the girls’ development in the modern world has remained unfavorable, contributed to the development of stereotyped ideas about body attractiveness, narcissistic attitudes and the consumer society values. 
2. The analysis of the findings of the numerous studies allows us to infer that early internalized ideas about the bodily perfection are risk factors for the development of physical perfectionism, dissatisfaction with one’s own body, emotional distress, low self-esteem; they contribute to the development of eating disorders. 
3. The current situation of contemporary children’s development necessitates the task of preventing mental ill-being in the younger generation, developing and implementing educational programs for parents. An important target of this work could be pathological parental attitudes of physical and socially-induced perfectionism, which have been found to be associated with development of DE in children and adolescents (Sukhanova & Kholmogorova, 2022). It is important to emphasize that it is the family that can become the barrier to the pressure of pathogenic cultural values that are unsafe for the children’s mental health. 
4. The subject of the development of the beauty and physical attractiveness standards in childhood remains relevant and requires further research. 

Limitations. The sample size is limited by both the number of participants (30 people) and the territory (Moscow).

1 “The Substance”, a movie by Coralie Farja (2024), demonstrates the current society’s demand for physical beauty, youth and perfection very vividly.

2 Phillipou et al. (2018) consider body image disturbances to be the core symptom and the driving force behind restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa and purging practices in bulimia nervosa. They believe that they differentiate these disorders from other EDs and suggest classifying them as “body image disorders.” Phillipou, A. , Castle, D.J. and Rossell, S.L. (2018). Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder or body image disorder? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 1, 13—14 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0004867417722640 

3 See, for example: Kholmogorova, A.B., Tarkhanova, P.M. (2014) Appearance standards and culture: the role of physical perfectionism and its consequences for the emotional well-being of people in our era. Issues of Psychology, 2, 52—65. 

4 Our research relies on a multifactorial psychosocial model of affective spectrum disorders (Kholmogorova, Garanyan, 1998); (Kholmogorova, 2011). 

5 Forbidden in Russia. 

6 https :// www . eatingdisorderhope . com / blog / eating - disorder - statistics - what - the - numbers - reveal 

7 https :// anad . org / eating - disorder - statistic /

8 In the Russian Federation, the overall incidence of obesity among children increased by 21.4% in 2014—2018 (Flitman et al., 2024).

9 Having studied ideas about the beautiful body in 140 girls aged 4 to 17, Volohova and Gurina (2023) noticed increasing demands for thinness
as a marker of beauty. Whereas in 7-year-old girls this marker was found only in 26% of the participants, it grew to 50% in 8—9 year-olds, and
in 12—13 years old, 70% of respondents called thinness and slimness an indispensable attribute of a beautiful body (Volokhova, Gurina, 2023).

10 The 4 dolls “participating” in the experiment had identical heads and wore identical bikinis and differed only in height and body size.
See https :// pmc . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / articles / PMC 6857835 / pdf / nihms-1055799.pdf

11 The AST publishing house will launch production of its own dolls under the Neo Stars brand to replace popular Mattel dolls. The Kommersant

12 In 2016, MGA , unable to withstand the competition, stopped producing Bratz dolls, the price of the dolls in the series increased; while this
article was being written, marketplaces reported the return of Bratz dolls - "the legendary foursome of friends whose passion for fashion and desire
for success are still strong."

13 The school-age girls mentioned skin as a significant feature in their doll description blogs, whereas none of the preschool girls mentioned this characteristic.

14 "Having freed themselves from the educational and upbringing functions, the world mass media have changed their focus and functioned
as stimulation consumption <…> Consumerism is a socio-cultural system in which social identification is grounded in things beyond the sphere
of labor and production, beyond work, that is, primarily in entertainment, and, first and foremost, in showing off, demonstrative entertainment."
(Ilyin, A.N., (2013) Consumer society and its essential features. Values and meanings, 6 (28), 22—35. URL : https :// cyberleninka . ru / article /n/obschestvo-potrebleniya-i-ego - suschnostnye - osobennosti (date of access: 12.01.2025)).

15 The girls were asked to guess what the doll likes to do and where she will go after the conversation.

16 Kholmogorova A.B., Garanyan N.G. Narcissism, perfectionism and depression // Counseling psychology and psychotherapy. 2004. Vol. 12. No. 1. P. 18–35. (In Russ.).URL: https://psyjournals.ru/journals/cpp/archive/2004_n1/Holmogorova_Garanian

17 Veresov, N. (2017). The Concept of Perezhivanie in Cultural-Historical Theory: Content and Contexts. In: Fleer, M., González Rey, F., Veresov, N. (eds) Perezhivanie, Emotions and Subjectivity. Perspectives in Cultural-Historical Research, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-10-4534-9_3

1. Волохова, В.И., Гурина, Е.С. (2023). Социально-психологический конструкт «красивое тело», и его формирование в общественном и индивидуальном сознании. Проблемы современного педагогического образования, 79(1), 403—406. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialno-psihologicheskiy-konstrukt-krasivoe-telo-i-ego-formirovanie-v-obschestvennom-i-individualnom-soznanii (дата обращения: 15.11.2024).
   Volokhova, V.I., Gurina, E.S. (2023). Socio-psychological construction «beautiful body» and its formation in public and individual consciousness. Problems of modern pedagogical education 79(1), 403—406. (In Russ.). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialno-psihologicheskiy-konstrukt-krasivoe-telo-i-ego-formirovanie-v-obschestvennom-i-individualnom-soznanii (viewed: 15.11.2024).
2. Выготский, Л.С. (1984). Собрание сочинений: В 6 т. Том 4. Часть 2: Вопросы детской (возрастной) психологии. М., Педагогика, 1984.
   Vygotsky, L.S. (1984). Collected Works: In 6 vols. Vol. 4. Part 2: Problems of Child (Developmental) Psychology. Moscow: Pedagogy. (In Russ.).
3. Лепешева, С.О., Холмогорова, А.Б. (2021). Участие в фитнес-блогах как новая социальная практика и ее последствия для психического здоровья молодых женщин. Культурно-историческая психология, 17(2), 144—154. DOI: 10.17759/chp.2021170214
   Lepesheva, S.O., Kholmogorova, A.B. (2021). Participation in fitness blogs as a new social practice and its consequences for the mental health of young women. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 17(2), 144—154. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/chp.2021170214
4. Суханова, А.В., Холмогорова, А.Б. (2022). Семейный контекст нарушений пищевого поведения у подростков: популяционное исследование родителей и обоснование задач психопрофилактики и психотерапии. Современная терапия психических расстройств, 1, 56—67. DOI: 10.21265/PSYPH.2022.60.1.006
   Sukhanova, A.V., Kholmogorova, A.B. (2022). Family context of eating disorders in adolescents: a population study of parents and rationale for the tasks of psychoprevention and psychotherapy. Modern therapy of mental disorders, 1, 56—67. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21265/PSYPH.2022.60.1.006
5. Тарханова, П.М. (2014). Исследование влияния макро- и микросоциальных факторов на уровень физического перфекционизма и эмоционального благополучия у молодежи. Культурно-историческая психология, 10(1), 88—94.
   Tarkhanova, P.M. (2014). A study of the influence of macro- and microsocial factors on the level of physical perfectionism and emotional well-being in young people. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 10(1), 88—94. (In Russ.).
6. Флитман, Е.Д., Якубова, Л.Н., Холмогорова А.Б., Васюкова О.В. (2024). Ожирение и депрессия у детей и подростков: проблема коморбидности и профилактики. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 32(3), 8—27. DOI: 10.17759/cpp.202432030
   Flitman, E.D., Yakubova, L.N., Kholmogorova, A.B., Vasyukova, O.V. (2024). Obesity and depression in children and adolescents: the problem of comorbidity and prevention. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 32(3), 8—27. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/cpp.202432030
7. Фромм, Э. (1990). Иметь или быть? Пер. с англ. М: Прогресс.
   Fromm, E. (1990). To Have or to Be? Transiated from English. Moscow: Progress. (In Russ.).
8. Холмогорова, А.Б. (2011). Интегративная психотерапия расстройств аффективного спектра. М: Медпрактика.
   Kholmogorova, A.B. (2011). Integrative psychotherapy of affective spectrum disorders. Moscow: Medpraktika. (In Russ.).
9. Холмогорова, А.Б., Дадеко, А.А. (2010). Физический перфекционизм как фактор расстройств аффективного спектра в современной культуре. Медицинская психология в России, 3(4). URL: http://www.medpsy.ru/mprj/archiv_global/2010_3_4/ (дата обращения 13.11.24 )
   Kholmogorova, A.B., Dadeko, A.A. (2010). Physical perfectionism as a factor in affective spectrum disorders in modern culture. Medical Psychology in Russia: electronic. Scientific journal, 3(4). (In Russ.). URL: http://www.medpsy.ru/mprj/archiv_global/2010_3_4/ (viewed: 13.11.24)
10. Холмогорова, А.Б., Рахманина, А.А. (2020). Tрехфакторная шкала физического перфекционизма — новый инструмент диагностики патогенных стандартов внешности в современной культуре. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 28(4), 98—117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2020280406
    Kholmogorova, A.B., Rakhmanina, A.A. (2020). Three -factor scale of physical perfectionism — a new tool for diagnosing pathogenic standards of appearance in modern culture. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 28(4), 98—117. (In Russ.). DOI: : https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2020280406
11. Холмогорова, А.Б., Шалыгина, О.В. (2014). Роль модных кукол в усвоении нереалистичных социальных стандартов телесной привлекательности у девочек-дошкольниц. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 22(4), 130—154.
    Kholmogorova, A.B., Shalygina, O.V. (2014). The role of fashion dolls in the assimilation of unrealistic social standards of physical attractiveness in preschool girls. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 22(4), 130—154. (In Russ.).
12. Шалыгина, О.В., Холмогорова, А.Б. (2015). «Телоцентрированность» современной культуры и ее последствия для здоровья детей, подростков и молодежи. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, 23(4), 36—68. URL: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2015230404
    Shalygina, O.V., Kholmogorova, A.B. (2015). “ Body-centeredness ” of modern culture and its consequences for the health of children, adolescents and young people. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 23(4), 36—68. (In Russ.). URL: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2015230404
13. Damiano, S.R., Gregg, K.J., Spiel, E.C. et al. (2015). Relationships between body size attitudes and body image of 4-year-old boys and girls, and attitudes of their fathers and mothers. J Eat Disord, 3, Article number: 16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0048-0
14. López-Gil, J.F., García-Hermoso, A., Smith, L., et al. (2023). Global Proportion of Disordered Eating in Children and Adolescents A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JAMA Pediatrics, 177(4), 363—372. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5848
15. Harriger, J.A., Schaefer, L.M., Kevin Thompson, J., Cao, L. (2019). You can buy a child a curvy Barbie doll, but you can't make her like it: Young girls' beliefs about Barbie dolls with diverse shapes and sizes. Body Image, 30, 107—113. Epub 2019 Jun 22. PMID: 31238275; PMCID: PMC6857835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.005
16. Stice, E., Gau, J. M., Rohde, P., & Shaw, H. (2017). Risk factors that predict future onset of each DSM—5 eating disorder: Predictive specificity in high-risk adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(1), 38—51. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000219