Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy
2026. Vol. 34, no. 2, 144–163
doi:10.17759/cpp.2026340207
ISSN: 2075-3470 / 2311-9446 (online)
Adolescent friendship as a protective factor of Digital self-harm
Abstract
Context and relevance. Digital self-harm is the self-directed influence of negative online content (posting offensive content, creating a negative blog, or posting offensive comments on one's own photos or videos, self-trolling, cyberbullying, etc.) in order to cause psychological distress or indirectly communicate one's psychological problems to others. According to researchers, adolescents exhibit the highest level of self-harm behavior. It is relevant to consider the possibilities of teenage friendship as a targeted focus for educational and rehabilitation efforts. Purpose. To study the possibilities of friendship as a protective factor against adolescents' involvement in digital self-harm. Hypothesis. Peer friendship can be a protective factor against digital self-harm. Methods and materials. The data was obtained as a result of an online survey of 1,083 teenagers who were students in grades 8-10 at secondary schools. The respondents were between the ages of 14 and 16. To assess the quality of friendship among teenagers, the Russian version of the "Friendship Scale" questionnaire (Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M.,1994) was used. To determine the basic need of adolescents for communication - scales of satisfaction and frustration of the need for connectedness from the questionnaire "Satisfaction and Frustration Scale of Basic Psychological Needs (BPNSNF)" (Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., 2015). To assess the problems and difficulties of adolescents in relationships with peers - the scale "Problems in relationships with peers" from the "Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire" for children aged 11-17 (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ) (Goodman, R., 2005). The study results were processed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis (IBM SPSS STATISTICS 26 statistical software package). Results. The analysis results suggest that friendship has a different impact on digital self-harm (DSH) in adolescents. High-quality friendships based on meeting the adolescent's need for connectedness, characterized by trust, mutual assistance, and emotional closeness, are significant protective factors against DSH, reducing the risk of DSH by 2.9 times compared to low-quality friendships. Conclusions. The findings highlight the need for targeted support for adolescents with social connectivity deficits and the development of gender-sensitive strategies for preventing digital self-harm.
General Information
Keywords: self-injurious behavior, non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI), Digital self-harm, teenagers, friendship, protective factor
Journal rubric: Empirical Researches
Article type: scientific article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340207
Supplemental data. The data is available at the address of affiliated organizations.
Received 24.08.2025
Revised 13.01.2026
Accepted
Published
For citation: Volkova, E.N., Orlova, A.A., Sorokoumova, G.v. (2026). Adolescent friendship as a protective factor of Digital self-harm. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 34(2), 144–163. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2026340207
© Volkova E.N., Orlova A.A., Sorokoumova G.v., 2026
License: CC BY-NC 4.0
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Information About the Authors
Contribution of the authors
Volkova E.N. — research ideas; application of statistical, mathematical, or other methods for data analysis; conducting an experiment.
Orlova A.A. — selection of diagnostic methods, data analysis, visualization of research results.
Sorokouimova G.V. — annotation, writing, and formatting of the manuscript.
All authors participated in the discussion of the results and approved the final text of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethics statement
The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Psychological and Interdisciplinary Research (Decision No. 5 dated January 31, 2024).
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