The importance of the works of N.N. Ladygina-Kots for the development of modern studies of the behavior and psychic of animals (to the 125th anniversary of her birth)

We present an overview of works of N.N. Ladygina-Kots (1889-1963), an outstanding Russian zoopsychologist, who has made a fundamental contribution to the development of comparative psychology and ethology. We describe her studies of behavior and psychic of a baby chimpanzee (the first in science), in which she gave an exhaustive analysis of its species-specific repertoire, as well as features of perception, memory, etc. Subsequently, she carefully examined the same aspects of child’s behavior and mind, and compared these data in her book “Infant chimpanzee and human child” (1935), which still has not lost its significance and is widely cited in the world literature. In experiments on chimpanzees she first proved that the primates has the ability to generalize and abstraction, and during all her life, she consistently studied these and other grounds of thought in animals in different experimental models, considering them as “preconditions of human thought”.

1. De Waal F.B.M. Foreword. In N. N. Ladygina-Kohts, Infant chimpanzee and human child. A classic 1935 comparative study of ape emotions and intelligence. New York, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. vii–ix.
2. Fabri K. E. Nauchnoe nasledie N. N. Ladyginoy-Kots i perspektivy razvitiya zoopsihologii (k 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) [Scientific heritage of N.N. Ladygina-Kohts and prospects of animal psychology development (on the 80th anniversary)]. Byull. MOIP, otd. biol. [Bulletin of Moscow Society of naturalists. Biological series], 1969, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 134–140. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).
3. Firsov L.A. Povedenie antropoidov v prirodnykh usloviyakh [Behavior of Apes in the wild]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1977, 161 p. (In Russian).
4. Firsov L.A. Povedenie antropoidov v prirodnykh usloviyakh [Behavior of Apes in the wild]. Moscow, URSS Krasand Publ., 2-e izd., 2010, 168 p. (In Russian).
5. Firsov L.A., Chizhenkov A.M. Ocherki fiziologicheskoi psikhologii [Essay for physiological psychology]. Sankt-Peterburg, Aster-X Publ., 2003, 220 p. (In Russian).
6. Fouts R.S., Mills S.T. Next of Kin. My Conversation with Chimpanzees. New York, Avon Books INC, 1997. 420 p.
7. Gardner B. T., Gardner R. A. Signs of intelligence in cross-fostered chimpanzees. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, Biol. Sci. 1985, vol. 13, no. 308 (1135), pp. 159–176.
8. Gardner R. A., Gardner B. T. Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee // Science. 1969, vol. 165, no. 3894, pp. 664–672.
9. Gardner R.A., Gardner B. T. Introduction to the English edition. In N.N. Ladygina-Kohts, Infant chimpanzee and human child. A classic 1935 comparative study of ape emotions and intelligence. New York, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. xi–xv.
10. Goodall Jane. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986. 673 p. (Russ. ed.: Gudoll Dzh. Shimpanze v prirode: povedenie [The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1992, 670 p.).
11. Krushinskii L.V. Biologicheskie osnovy rassudochnoi deyatel'nosti: Evolyutsionnyi i fiziologo-geneticheskii aspekty povedeniya [Experimental studies of elementary reasoning: Evolutionary, physiological, and genetic aspects of behavior]. Moscow, URSS Publ., 2009, 270 p. (In Russian).
12. Ladygina-Kohts N. N. Infant chimpanzee and human child. A classic 1935 comparative study of ape emotions and intelligence. New York, Oxford University Press, 2002. 549 p.
13. Ladygina-Kots N. N. Issledovanie poznavatel'nykh sposobnostei shimpanze [The study of Chimpanzees Cognitive Abilities]. Moscow–Petrograd, Gos. izdat. Publ., 1923, 503 p. (In Russian).
14. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Ditya shimpanze i ditya cheloveka v ikh instinktakh, emotsiyakh, igrakh, privychkakh i vyrazitel'nykh dvizheniyakh [Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child in their instincts, emotions, games, habits and expressive movements]. Moscow, Gos. Darvinovskii muzei Publ., 1935, vol. 1 and 2, 596 p. (In Russian).
15. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Ditya shimpanze i ditya cheloveka v ikh instinktakh, emotsiyakh, igrakh, privychkakh i vyrazitel'nykh dvizheniyakh [Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child in their instincts, emotions, games, habits and expressive movements]. Moscow–Voronezh, MPSI Publ., 2-e izd., 2011, vol. 1 and 2, 596 p. (In Russian).
16. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Konstruktivnaya i orudiinaya deyatel'nost' vysshikh obez'yan [Tool-making and Tool-using Activities in Apes]. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ., 1959, 399 p. (In Russian).
17. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Posleslovie [Afterword]. In Ladygina-Kots N.N. (ed.), Dembovskii Ya. Psikhologiya obez'yan [Dembovskii Ya. Psychology of the Apes]. Moscow, Inostr. Lit. Publ., 1963, pp. 285–324. (In Russian). Dembowski, Jan. Psychologia małp. Warszwa, Ksiazka, 1946, 271 s.
18. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Predislovie [Foreword]. In Ladygina-Kots N.N. (ed.), Lyutts K.G. Psikhologiya zhivotnykh (Zoopsikhologiya) [Lutz K.G. Animal psychology (Zoopsychology)]. Leningrad-Moscow, Puchina Publ., 1925, pp. 5–13. (In Russian).
19. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Predposylki chelovecheskogo myshleniya (Podrazhatel'noe konstruirovanie obez'yanoi i det'mi) [Preconditions of human intelligence]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1965. 110 p. (In Russian).
20. Ladygina-Kots N.N. Razlichenie kolichestva u shimpanze [Number recognition by chimpanzees]. In Sbornik, posvyashchennyi D.N. Uznadze [Collected articles devoted to D.N. Uznadze]. Tbilisi, AN Gruzinskoi SSR Publ., 1945, pp. 28–35. (In Russian).
21. Murav'eva M. Risunki primatov kak istoki tvorchestva [Primates’s pictures as sources of creativity]. Nauka i tekhnologii Rossii - STRF.ru [Science and technology in Russia], 2009. Available at: http://www.strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=222&FullScreen=1&d_no=20264#.VDPNLumIrct (In Russian).
22. Novoselova S.L. Geneticheski rannie formy myshlenija [Genetically earlier forms of cognitive processes]. Moscow-Voronezh, MPSI, NPO «MODEK» Publ., 2003, 320 p. (In Russian).
23. Novoselova S.L. Intellektual'naja osnova razvitija dejatel'nosti primatov [Cognitive foundation for the development of ape activities]. Moscow-Voronezh, MPSI NPO «MODJeK» Publ., 2001, 288 p. (In Russian).
24. Novoselova S.L. N.N. Ladygina-Kots – gordost' otechestvennoj nauki [N.N. Ladygina-Kohts is the pride of the national science]. In Rubtsov V.V., Yaaroshevskii G.M. (eds.), Vydajushhiesja psihologi Moskvy [Famous Moscow psychologists]. Moscow, Psikhologicheskiy institut RAO Publ., 1997, pp. 76–107. (In Russian).
25. Panov E.N. Znaki, simvoly, yazyki: kommunikatsiya v tsarstve zhivotnykh i v mire lyudey [Signs, symbols, languages, communication in the animal kingdom and the people world]. Moscow, LKI Publ., 6-e izd., 2011, 504 p. (In Russian).
26. Parr L.A., Preuschoft S., de Waal F.B.M. Afterword: research on facial emotion in chimpanzees, 75 years since Kohts. In N. N. Ladygina-Kohts. Infant chimpanzee and human child. A classic 1935 comparative study of ape emotions and intelligence. New York, Oxford University Press, 2002. P. 411–452.
27. Savage-Rumbaugh S., Lewin R. Kanzi. The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. New York, J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1994/2003. 299 p.
28. Shubina Yu.V. Vek Darvinovskogo muzeya v faktakh i fotografiyakh – The History of the Darwin museum in facts and photographs: al'bom [The History of the Darwin museum in facts and photographs: album]. Klyukina A.I. (ed.), Moscow, ULV Publ., 2008, 112 p. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).
29. Smirnova A.A., Lazareva O.F., Zorina Z.A. Issledovanie sposobnosti seryh voron k jelementam simvolizacii [Prototype symbolization in hooded crows]. Zhurn. vyssh. nerv. deiat [Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology (Russia)], 2002, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 241-254. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).
30. Smirnova A.A., Lazareva O.F., Zorina Z.A. Use of number by crows: investigation by matching and oddity learning. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 2000, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 163–176.
31. Vančatova M. Creativity and innovative behaviour in primates on the example of picture-making activity of apes. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Ser. Psikhologiya [Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University, Psychological series], 2008, vol. 2, pp. 50–61.
32. Vančatova M. The ape picture making activity. In Butovskaya M.L. (ed.), Etologiya cheloveka na poroge 21 veka: novye dannye i starye problemy [Нuman ethology in the 21st century: new data and old problems], Moscow, Staryi sad Publ., 1999.
33. Zorina Z.A. Igra zhivotnyh [Animal play]. Mir psihologii [The World of Psychology (Russia)], 1998, no. 16, pp. 95-117. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).
34. Zorina Z.A., Smirnova A.A. Istoriya eksperimental'nogo izucheniya myshleniya zhivotnykh i rol' idei L. V. Krushinskogo v formirovanii sovremennykh predstavlenii ob elementarnom myshlenii [The history of experimental study of animal reasoning and the contribution of L.V. Krushinsky ideas in development of current concepts of animal cognition]. In I.I. Poletaeva, Z.A. Zorina (eds.), Formirovanie povedeniya zhivotnykh v norme i patologii: k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya L.V. Krushinskogo (1911-1984) [The development of behavior: its normal and abnormal aspects. To the 100 anniversary of L.V. Krushinsky.]. Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskikh kul'tur Publ., 2013, pp. 36–68. (In Russian).
35. Zorina Z.A., Smirnova A.A. O chem rasskazali «govoryashchie» obez'yany. (Sposobny li vysshie zhivotnye operirovat' simvolami) [Told about “Talking” Apes. Are Higher Animals Capable of Symbolization]. Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskikh kul'tur Publ., 2006, 423 p. (In Russian).
36. Zorina Z.A., Smirnova A.A. Obobshchenie, umozaklyuchenie po analogii i drugie kognitivnye sposobnosti vranovykh ptits [Concept-Formation, Analogical Reasoning and another Animal Cognitive Capacities]. In Solov'ev V.D., Chernigovskaya T.V. (eds.), Kognitivnye issledovaniya: sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Cognitive Studies: Collected papers], vol. 2. Moscow, Institut psikhologii RAN Publ., 2008, pp. 148–165. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.).