Methods for diagnosing tendencies towards to extremism in foreign studies

353

Abstract

The threat of extremist behavior is one of the important problems of the modern world. The theoretical aspect of the psychology of extremism and its manifestations has not been sufficiently developed, which gives rise to methodological difficulties in the study and measurement of extremist personality tendencies. The article presents the results of the authors' work on the systematization of information about modern methods of revealing a propensity to extremism and identifying persons loyal to extremist ideology. The existing criteria of extremism as a behavioral, cognitive and characterological phenomenon are also analyzed. The methods used to diagnose the factors associated with extremism are analyzed, and the general specificity is revealed. The authors provide a methodological rationale for each technique, describe the features of their application in practice, consider the psychometric parameters of the techniques, identify the advantages and limitations. An analytical tool has been developed — a comparative table of the analyzed methods according to the selected criteria.

General Information

Keywords: extremism, tendencies towards to extremism, radicalism, authoritarianism, method, questionnaire

Journal rubric: Labour Psychology and Engineering Psychology

Article type: review article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2022110107

Funding. The reported study was funded by the Government of Primorsky Krai, project number 11-06-00241 «Method for diagnosing extremist tendencies of the person in educational institutions of the Primorsky Krai».

For citation: Elzesser A.S., Kapustina T.V., Zhdanova D.E., Kadirov R.V. Methods for diagnosing tendencies towards to extremism in foreign studies [Elektronnyi resurs]. Sovremennaia zarubezhnaia psikhologiia = Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology, 2022. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 68–79. DOI: 10.17759/jmfp.2022110107. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Byzov A.A. Shkala pravogo avtoritarizma lichnosti: otsenka psikhometricheskikh svoistv na primere studencheskoi vyborki [Elektronnyi resurs] [Right-wing authoritarianism: the estimation of the scale's psychometric qualities on a college student sample]. Sotsiologiia: metodologiia, metody, matematicheskoe modelirovanie = Sociology: methodology, methods, mathematical modeling, 2017, no. 45, pp. 72—102. URL: https://www.jour.fnisc.ru/index.php/soc4m/article/view/5919 (Accessed 17.02.2022). (In Russ.).

  2. Al-Attar Z. Extremism, radicalisation & mental health [Elektronnyi resurs]: Handbook for Practitioners. RAN Mental Health Working Group, 2019. 43 p. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_ awareness_network/ran-hsc-handbook-extremism-radicalisation-mental-health-handbook-practitioners-november-2019_en (Accessed 12.07.2021).

  3. Belanger J.J. The Rise and Fall ofViolent Extremism: The Science behind Community-based Interventions [Elektronnyi resurs]. In Kopetz C.E., Fishbach A. (eds), The Motivation-Cognition Interface. C.E. New York: Routledge, 2017, pp. 152— 177. DOI:10.4324/9781315171388-8

  4. Egan V., Cole J., Cole B., Alison L., Alison E., Waring S., Elntib S. Can you identify violent extremists using a screening checklist and open-source intelligence alone? Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2016, no. 3 (1), pp. 21—36. DOI:10.1037/tam0000058

  5. Decker S.H., Pyrooz D.C. Activism and Radicalism in Prison: Measurement and Correlates from a Large Sample of Inmates in Texas. Justice Quarterly, 2019. Vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 787—815. DOI:10.1080/07418825.2018.1462396

  6. Pisou D., Zick A., Srowig F., Roth V., Seewald K. Factors of Individual Radicalization into Extremism, Violence and Terror — the German Contribution in a Context. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2020. Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1—12. DOI:10.4119/ijcv-3803

  7. Ferguson N., M^auley J.W. Dedicated to the cause: Identity development and violent extremism. European Psychologist, 2021, no. 26(1), pp. 6—14. DOI:10.1027/1016-9040/a000414

  8. Furnham A., Horne G., Grover S. Correlates of the Militant Extremist Mindset. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020. Vol. 11, article ID 2250, 7 p. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02250

  9. Harpviken A.N. Psychological Vulnerabilities and Extremism Among Western Youth: A Literature Review [Elektronnyi resurs]. Adolescent Research Review, 2020, no. 5, pp. 1—26. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40894-019-00108-y (Accessed 17.02.2022).

  10. Haugstvedt H. Research Note: ‘How Can I Get Them Offstage?' — Critical Reflections on a Researcher's Approach to Qualitative Data Collection with Social Workers Involved in Preventing Violent Extremism in Norway [Elektronnyi resurs]. Journal for Deradicalization, 2020, no. 23, pp. 214—234. URL: https://uis.brage.unit.no/uis-xmlui/handle/11250/2729301(Accessed 17.02.2022).

  11. Stickings J., Abaida M., Nikolaishvili M., Bakrania S., Fisher A. Identifying Groups Vulnerable to Violent Extremism and Reducing Risks of Radicalisation [Elektronnyi resurs]. London: Department for International Development, 2019, 56 p. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d7f5b7c40f0b61c7cd6ffe9/VE_REA_Identifying_and_intervening_with_at_risk_groups_Sept_2019_FINAL_with_Annex.pdf (Accessed 18.02.2022).

  12. Trip S., Marian M.I., Halmajan A., Drugas M.I., Bora C.H., Roseanu G. Irrational Beliefs and Personality Traits as Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Adolescents' Extremist Mind-Set. Frontiers in Psychology, 2019. Vol. 10. Article 1184. 12 p. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01184

  13. Khalil J. A Guide to Interviewing Terrorists and Violent Extremists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2019. Vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 429—443. DOI:10.1080/1057610X.2017.1385182

  14. Kunst J.R., Obaidi M. Understanding violent extremism in the 21st century: the (re)emerging role of relative deprivation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2020. Vol. 35, pp. 55—59. DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.010

  15. McCauley C. Predictors of Activism and Radicalism: past activism, past radicalism and grievance against the government [Elektronnyi resurs]. Charlottesville: Center for Open Science, 2015. 429 p. URL: https://archive.org/details/ osf-registrations-xnh73-v1 (Accessed 18.02.2022).

  16. Moskalenko S., McCauley C. Measuring Political Mobilization: The Distinction Between Activism and Radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2009. Vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 239—260. DOI:10.1080/09546550902765508

  17. Nivette A., Eisner M., Ribeaud D. Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes: A Test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2017. Vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 755—790. DOI:10.1177/0022427817699035

  18. Powis B., Randhawa-Horne K., Bishopp D. An Examination of the Structural Properties of the Extremism Risk Guidelines (ERG22+): A Structured Formulation Tool for Extremist Offenders. Terrorism and Political Violence, 2019. Vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1141—1159. DOI:10.1080/09546553.2019.1598392

  19. Powis B., Randhawa-Horne K., Bishopp D. The Structural Properties of the Extremism Risk Guidelines (ERG22+): a structured formulation tool for extremist offenders [Elektronnyi resurs]. Ministry of Justice Analytical Series, 2019, 17 p. (Ministry of Justice Analytical Series). GOV.UK. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/816507/the-structural-properties-of-the-extremism-risk-guidelines-ERG22.pdf (Accessed 18.02.2022).

  20. Trip S., Bora C.H., Marian M., Halmajan A., Drugas M.I. Psychological Mechanisms Involved in Radicalization and Extremism. A Rational Emotive Behavioral Conceptualization. Frontiers in Psychology, 2019. Vol. 10, article ID 437. 8 p. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00437

  21. Saunders B., Ngo J. The Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale. In Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T.K. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 1—4. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1262-1

  22. Scarcella A., Page R., Furtado V. Terrorism, Radicalisation, Extremism, Authoritarianism and Fundamentalism: A Systematic Review of the Quality and Psychometric Properties of Assessments. Plos One, 2016. Vol. 11, no. 12, article ID e0166947, 19 p. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0166947

  23. Smith L.G.E., Blackwood L., Thomas E.F. The Need to Refocus on the Group as the Site of Radicalization. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2019. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 327—352. DOI:10.1177/1745691619885870

  24. Stankov L., Saucier G., Knezevic G. Militant Extremist MindSet: Proviolence, Vile World, and Divine Power. Psychological assessment, 2010. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 70—86. DOI:10.1037/a0016925

  25. The biological roots of political extremism / J.R. Keene, H. Shoenberger, C.K. Berke, P.D. Bolls. Politics and the Life Sciences, 2017. Vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 37—48. DOI:10.1017/pls.2017.16

  26. Vergani M., Iqbal M., Ilbahar E., Barton G. The Three Ps of Radicalization: Push, Pull and Personal. A Systematic Scoping Review of the Scientific Evidence about Radicalization Into Violent Extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2020, Vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1—10. DOI:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1505686

  27. Kruglanski A.W., Jasko K., Chernikova M., Dugas M., Webber D. To the fringe and back: Violent extremism and the psychology of deviance [Elektronnyi resurs]. American Psychologist, 2017, Vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 217—230. URL: https://www. taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315175867-9/fringe-back-arie-kruglanski-katarzyna-jasko-marina-chernikova-michelle-dugas-david-webber (Accessed 18.02.2022).

  28. Van de Weert A., Eijkman Q.A.M. Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker's perspective. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2019, Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 191—214. DOI:10.1080/194 34472.2018.1457069

Information About the Authors

Anastasiya S. Elzesser, Lecturer, Department of General Psychological Disciplines, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-0502, e-mail: der_falter@mail.ru

Tatyana V. Kapustina, PhD in Psychology, Lecturer at the Department of General Psychological Disciplines, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-8963, e-mail: 12_archetypesplus@mail.ru

Darya E. Zhdanova, 3rd year student of the Faculty, Public Health, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-0124, e-mail: melissa2000@bk.ru

Ruslan V. Kadirov, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of General Psychological Disciplines, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-5548, e-mail: rusl-kad@yandex.ru

Metrics

Views

Total: 1816
Previous month: 115
Current month: 139

Downloads

Total: 353
Previous month: 15
Current month: 22