Psychological Science and Education
2018. Vol. 23, no. 3, 5–19
doi:10.17759/pse.2018230301
ISSN: 1814-2052 / 2311-7273 (online)

What Kind of Blending Makes Blended Learning?

2983

A.A. Margolis

PDF (RUS)
Online translation in english

Abstract

The paper focuses on blended learning which is now quite common both in basic and in higher education and which is usually defined as a combination of e-learning and face-to-face instruction. The author explores the main models of blended learning in basic education (K-12), evaluates their benefits and limitations, and reflects on the changes in the current model of teaching activity and standards for teachers. The paper also presents a review of modern studies on the effectiveness of blended learning as compared to distance learning and traditional in-class education. As it is revealed, the role of blended learning is that of a ‘hybrid’ educational innovation which interlocks the past and the future in education.

General Information

Keywords: blended learning, distance learning, innovations in education, information technologies in education, quality of education, teaching activity, educational policy, development of education

Journal rubric: Developmental Psychology

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2018230301

For citation: Margolis A.A. What Kind of Blending Makes Blended Learning?. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological Science and Education, 2018. Vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 5–19. DOI: 10.17759/pse.2018230301. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Allen I.E., Seama J. Class Differences [Elektronnyi resurs]: Online Education in the United States. Newburyport, MA: Babson Survey Research Group; Sloan Consortium, 2010. 30 p. Available at: https:// files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED529952.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  2. Benard B. Resiliency: What We Have Learned. San Francisco, Calif: WestEd, 2004. 148 p.
  3. Bergmann J., Sams A. Flipped learning: gateway to student engagement. Moorabbin, Victoria: Hawker Brownlow, 2015. 169 p.
  4. Bishop J.L., Verleger M.A. The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. ASEE National Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, GA. 2013. Vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1—18.
  5. Blended Learning 101 [Elektronnyi resurs]: Handbook / College for Certain. [Oakland, CA]: ASPIRE Public Schools, 2010. 70 p. Available at: http://www.blendmylearning.com/wp-content/uploads/ et_temp/aspire-blended-learning-handbook-2013.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  6. Bailey J. et al. Blended learning implementation guide 2.0. In Bailey J., Schneider C., Ark T.V. Navigating the Digital Shift: Implementation Strategies for Blended and Online Learning. [S. l.]: Digital Learning Now, 2013, pp. 15—78.
  7. Christensen H.C., Horn M., Staker H. Is K-12 Blended Learning Disruptive? [Elektronnyi resurs]: An Introduction to the Theory of Hybrids. [Lexington, MA]: Clayton Christensen Institute for Disruptive Information, 2013. 48 p. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ ED566878.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  8. Clark R. Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of educational research, 1983. Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 449—454.
  9. Cuban L. Computers Meet Classroom: Classroom Wins. Teachers College Record, 1993. Vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 185—210.
  10. Cuban L. Oversold and Underused: Computers in the Classrooms. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001. 250 p.
  11. Rogers P. et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Distance Learning. Hershey; New York: Information Science Reference, 2009. 2612 p.
  12. Means B. et al. Evaluation of Evidence — based Practices in Online Education [Elektronnyi resurs]: A Meta- Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education, 2010, 94 p. Available at: https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  13. Fullan M., Donnelly K. Alive in the Swamp: Assessing Digital Innovations in Education. London: Nesta, 2013. 40 p.
  14. Gates B. Teachers need real feedback [Elektronnyi resurs]: [Video] // TED. Available at: https://www.ted. com/talks/bill_gates_teachers_need_real_feedback (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  15. Graham C. Blended Learning Systems: Definition, Current Trends, and Future Directions. In Bonk C.J., Graham C.R. The Handbook of Blended Learning: Global Perspectives, Local Designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2006, pp. 3—26.
  16. Greaves T. Revolutionizing Education through Technology: The Project RED roadmap for transformation. Eugene, Or.: International Society for Technology in Education, 2012. 114 p.
  17. Halverson R., Smith A. How Technologies Have (and Have Not) Changed Teaching and Learning in Schools. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 2009. Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 48—53.
  18. Higgins S., Xiao Z., Katsipataki M. The Impact of educational Technology on Learning: A Summary for the Education Endowment Foundation: Full report. [S. l.]: School of Education; Durham University, 2012. 52 p.
  19. International Society for Technology in Education. ISTE [Elektronnyi resurs]. Available at: https://www.iste. org/ (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  20. Khan Academy [Elektronnyi resurs]. 2011. Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  21. Khan S. Let’s use video to reinvent education [Elektronnyi resurs]: [Video]. TED. 2011. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/salman_khan_let_s_use_ video_to_reinvent_education (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  22. Larry Cuban on School Reform and Classroom Practice [Elektronnyi resurs]. Available at: https:// larrycuban.wordpress.com/ (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  23. McNeil B.J. A metaanalysis of interactive video instruction: A ten-year review of achievement effects. Ann Arbor: University of Idaho, 1989. 137 p.
  24. National Education Association [Elektronnyi resurs]: Great Public Schools for Every Student. Available at: www.nea.org (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  25. Reimaging Teaching in a Blended Classroom [Elektronnyi resurs]: Working paper. TNTP: Reimagine Teaching. 2014. 18 p. Available at: https://tntp. org/assets/documents/TNTP_Blended_Learning_ WorkingPaper_2014.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  26. Rogers E. Diffusion of Innovations. Fourth Edition. New York: The Free Press, 2010. 518 p.
  27. Rooney J.E. Blending learning opportunities to enhance educational programming and meetings. Association Management, 2003, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 26— 32.
  28. Russell T.L. The no significant difference phenomenon: A comparative research annotated bibliography on technology for distance education: As reported in 355 research reports, summaries and papers. North Carolina State University. [S. l.]: IDECC, [2001]. 119 p.
  29. Staker H., Horn M. Classifying K-12 Blended Learning [Elektronnyi resurs]. [San Mateo, CA]: Innosight Institute, 2012. 22 p. Available at: https://eric. ed.gov/?id=ED535180 (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  30. OECD. Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection: Making the Connection. Paris: PISA; OECD Publishing, 2015. 204 p. doi:10.1787/9789264239555-en
  31. Staker H. et al. The rise of K-12 blended learning [Elektronnyi resurs]: Profiles of emerging models. [San Mateo, CA]: Innosight institute, 2011. 184 p. Available at: https://www.christenseninstitute.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/04/The-rise-of-K-12-blended-learning. emerging-models.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  32. Thompson C. How Khan Academy is changing the rules of education [Elektronnyi resurs]. Wired Magazine, 2011. Vol. 126, pp. 1—5. Available at: http:// resources.rosettastone.com/CDN/us/pdfs/K-12/Wired_ KhanAcademy.pdf (Accessed: 18.05.2018).
  33. Zhao Y. et al. What makes a difference? A practical analysis of research on the effectiveness of distance education. Teacher College Record, 2005. Vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 1836—1884. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 9620.2005.00544.x
  34. Young J.R. «Hybrid» teaching seeks to end the divide between traditional and online instruction. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 2002. Vol. 48, no. 28, pp. 33–34.

Information About the Authors

Arkadiy A. Margolis, PhD in Psychology, Rector, Professor, Chair of Pedagogical Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology & Education, Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-0122, e-mail: margolisaa@mgppu.ru