Малые внеклеточные везикулы при расстройствах, вызванных употреблением алкоголя: обзор предметного поля

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Употребление алкоголя — одна из наиболее значимых глобальных проблем здравоохранения. Патофизиология синдрома зависимости от алкоголя изучена лишь частично, прямые биомаркеры данного расстройства не определены. В ряде исследований применительно к синдрому зависимости от алкоголя изучался состав малых внеклеточных везикул (мВВ) в различных биологических средах. Однако результаты этих исследований неоднородны, а методологическое качество работ систематически не оценивалось.

ЦЕЛЬ: Обобщить результаты исследований состава мВВ при расстройствах, вызванных употреблением алкоголя.

МЕТОДЫ: В обзор включали оригинальные исследования, в которых изучался состав мВВ при расстройствах, связанных с употреблением алкоголя. Поиск осуществлялся в MEDLINE (работы, опубликованные до ноября 2025 г.) и Scopus (работы, опубликованные до 10 января 2026 г.). Анализ вошедших в обзор работ выполнен с использованием метода описательного синтеза по категориям «липидный состав», «белковый состав» и «сигнальные молекулы» мВВ. Методологическое качество исследований оценивали с применением «Шкалы оценки качества Ньюкасл–Оттава» (NOS), модифицированной для исследований внеклеточных везикул.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: В обзор включено 10 исследований. Все исследования имели поперечный дизайн, были проведены на небольших выборках и включали пациентов с острой и хронической интоксикацией, а также с синдромом зависимости. Выявлены значимые отличия состава мВВ при расстройствах, вызванных употреблением алкоголя, по сравнению со здоровыми добровольцами: модификации липидного и белкового состава, более низкая экспрессия hsa-miR-144-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-15b-5p и hsa-circ-0004771, более высокая экспрессия miR-30a-5p и miR-194-5p, а также отличия параметров воспалительного ответа. Большинство обнаруженных отличий ассоциированы с регуляцией воспаления.

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: При расстройствах, связанных с употреблением алкоголя, мВВ отличаются по составу липидов, белков и экспрессии микроРНК. Необходимы новые исследования влияния мВВ на регуляцию системного воспаления при синдроме зависимости от алкоголя с проспективным дизайном и повторными измерениями специфичных характеристик мВВ.

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