Зависимость просоциальной мотивации подростков от восприятия ими последовательности родительского воспитания

В переходном возрасте подростки неизменно сталкиваются с вызовами постоянно меняющегося мира, с необходимостью приспосабливаться к переменам в отношениях с друзьями, семьей, школой и обществом. Подростки начинают проявлять либо антисоцальное, либо просоциальное поведение, на что влияют их отношения с родителями и другими взрослыми. Просоциальное поведение — это поведение, направленное прежде всего на помощь другим людям. Мотивация такого поведения может быть как внутренней, так и внешней. В настоящем исследовании проанализированы природа просоциального поведения подростков, а также влияние на него меры последовательности стиля родительского воспитания. В исследовании приняли участие 610 молодых людей (310 юношей и 300 девушек) в возрасте от 16 до 18 лет (средний возраст — 17,07 лет, стандартное отклонение — 1,02 года). Были использованы опросник просоциальный мотивации (Pro-social Motivation Questionnaire) и опросник родительского авторитета (Parental Authority Questionnaire). Результаты выявили у подростков более высокий уровень внутренней просоциальной мотивации в сравнении с внешней. Девочки-подростки чаще проявляют интернализованные и эмпатические просоциальные мотивы, тогда как мальчики-подростки стараются выглядеть в глазах других героями, чтобы получить одобрение. Устойчивость стиля родительского воспитания способствует формированию внутренних просоциальных мотивов только в том случае, если оба родителя оказываются на самом деле авторитетными в глазах подростков. Интересно, что согласно полученным результатам, непоследовательный стиль воспитания не всегда оказывается плохим. Сочетание авторитета и снисходительности родителей способствует формированию у подростков внутренней просоциальной мотивации. Обсуждается связь между путями социализации ребенка в семье и развитием у него просоциальных мотивов.

1. Asbury K., Dunn J.F., Pike A., Plomin R. Nonshared environmental influences on individual differences in early behavioral development: A monozygotic twin differences study. Child Development. 2003. Vol. 74, pp. 933—943.
2. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986. 617 p.
3. Barber B.K., Stolz H.E., Olsen J.A. Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, , 2005, Vol. 70 (4), pp. 1—147. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x
4. Barnes G.M., Hoffman, J.H., and Welte J.W. Effects of Parental Monitoring and Peer Deviance on Substance Use and Delinquency. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006. Vol. 68 (4), pp. 1084—1104.
5. BarTal D., Nadler, A., Blechman N. The relationship between Israeli children’s helping behavior and their perception on parents’ socialization practices. Journal of Social Psychology. 1980. Vol. 111, pp. 159—167.
6. Baumrind D. Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development. 1966. Vol. 37 (4), pp. 887—907.
7. Baumrind D. Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. In P.A. Cowan, E.M. Hetherington (eds.), Advances in family Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates., 1991. Vol. 2, pp 111—163.
8. Berkien M., Louwerse A., Verhulst F., Van der Ende J. Children’s perceptions of dissimilarity in parenting styles are associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012. Vol. 21, pp. 79—85. doi:10.1007/ s00787-011-0234-9.
9. Boehnke K., Silbereisen R.K., Eisenberg N., Reykowski J., Palmonari A. Developmental pattern of prosocial motivation: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1989. Vol. 20, pp. 219—243.
10. Bronfenbrenner U. Ecological models of human development. In Gauvain, M. & Cole, M. (Eds). International Encyclopedia of Education, Oxford: Elsevier. Reprinted in: Readings on the development of children, 2nd (1993, pp. 37—43). 1994, Vol. 3(2), pp. 37—43,
11. Bryant B.K., Crockenberg S.B. Correlates and dimensions of pro-social behavior: A study of female siblings with their mothers. Child Development, 1980. Vol. 51, pp. 529— 544.
12. Buri J.R. Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1991. Vol. 57 (1), pp. 110—119.
13. Carlo G., Rondall B.A. The development of a measure of pro-social behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2002. Vol. 31, pp. 31—44.
14. Carlo G., Roesch S.C., Koller S.H. Similarities and differences in prosocial moral reasoning between Brazilian and Anglo-American college students Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 1999. Vol. 33, pp. 151—172.
15. Deater-Deckard K., Dunn J., O’Connor T.G., Davies L., Golding, J. Using the stepfamily genetic design to examine gene-environment processes in child and family functioning. Marriage & Family Review, 2001. Vol. 33, pp. 131—156.
16. Dlugokinski E.L., Firestone I.J. Other centeredness and susceptibility to charitable appeals: Effect of perceived discipline. Child Development, 1974. Vol. 10, pp. 21—28.
17. Dwairy M.A. Parental inconsistency versus parental authoritarianism: Associations with symptoms of psychological disorders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2008. Vol. 37(5), pp. 616—626. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9169-3.
18. Eisenberg N., Carlo G., Murphy B., Van Court P. Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 1995. Vol. 66, pp. 1179—1197.
19. Eisenberg N., Fabes R.A. Pro-social development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley, 1998 pp. 701—778.
20. Erikson E. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1968. 336 p.
21. Fletcher A.C., Steinberg L., Sellers E.B. Adolescents’ well-being as a function of perceived interparental consistency. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999. Vol. 61(3), pp. 599—610.
22. Fowles D.C., Kochanska G. Temperament as a moderator of pathways to conscience in children: the contribution of electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology, 2000. Vol. 37, pp. 788—795.
23. Hoeve M., Dubas J.S., Gerris J.R.M., Van der Laan P.H., Smeenk W. Maternal and paternal parenting styles: Unique and combined links to adolescent and early adult delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 2011. Vol. 34, pp. 813—827.
24. Hoffman M.L. Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. UK:Cambridge University Press. 2000. 331 p.
25. Kochanska G. Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 1991. Vol. 62, pp. 1379—1392.
26. Kochanska G. Children’s temperament, mothers’ discipline and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 1995. Vol. 66, pp. 597— 615.
27. Kochanska G. Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization. Child Development, 1997. Vol. 68, pp. 94—112.
28. Kochanska G., Aksan N. Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 1995. Vol. 66, pp. 236—254.
29. Kochanska G., Aksan N., Joy M.E. Children’s fearfulness as a moderator of parenting in early socialization: two longitudinal studies. Developmental Psychology, 2007. Vol. 43(1), pp. 222—237.
30. Kochanska G., Aksan N., Knaack A., Rhines H. M. Maternal parenting and children’s conscience: Early security as moderator. Child Development, 2004. Vol. 75 (4), pp. 1229—1242.
31. Kochanska G., Coy K.C., Murray K.T. The development of selfregulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 2001. Vol. 72 (4), pp. 1091—1111.
32. Kochanska G., DeVet K., Goldman M., Murray K.T., Putnam S.P. Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 1994. Vol. 65 (3), 852—868. doi: org/10.2307/1131423.
33. Kochanska G., Forman D., Aksan N., Dunbar S. Pathways to conscience: Early mother-child mutually responsive orientation and children’s moral emotion, conduct and cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2005. Vol. 46(1), 19—34. doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00348.x
34. Kochanska G., Gross J.N., Mei-Hua L., Nichols K.E. Guilt in young children: Development, determinants and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Development, 2002. Vol. 73, pp. 461—482.
35. Kochanska G., Murray K. T. Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 2000. Vol. 71(2), 417—431. doi: org/10.1111/1467-8624.00154.
36. Lam C.M. Prosocial involvement as a positive youth development construct: A conceptual review. Journal of Alternative Medicine Research, 2012. Vol. 5(10), pp. 1—8, doi: org/10.1100/2012/769158
37. Krevans J., Gibbs J.C. Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children‘s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 1996. Vol. 67 (6), pp. 3263—3277.
38. Leman P.J. Authority and moral reasons: parenting style and children’s perceptions of adult rule justifications. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005. Vol. 29(4), pp. 265—270.
39. Lengua L.J. Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 2006. Vol. 42 (5), pp. 819—832.
40. Lengua L.J., Kovacs E.A. Bidirectional associations between temperament and parenting and the prediction of adjustment problems in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2005. Vol. 26 (1), pp. 21—38.
41. Maccoby E.E., Martin J.A. Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed.). New York: Wiley, 1983, pp. 1—101.
42. Mc-Nally S., Eisenberg N., Harris J.D. Consistency and change in maternal child-rearing practices and values: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 1991. Vol. 62 (1), pp. 190—198.
43. Mestre M.V., Samper P., Frías D. Personalidad y contexto familiar como factores predictores de la disposición prosocial y antisocial de los adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 2004. Vol. 36 (3), pp. 445—457.
44. Oliva A., Parra A., Arranz E. Estilos relacionales parentales y ajuste adolescente. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 2008. Vol. 31 (1), pp. 93—106.
45. Rohan M.J., Zanna M.P. Value transmission in families. In C. Sc1igman, J.M. Olson, M.P. Zanna (Eds.). The psychology of vallles: The Ontario symposillm on personality and social psychology, 1996. 8, pp. 253—276
46. Ryan R.M., Martin A., BrooksGunn, J. Is one parent good enough? Patterns of mother and father parenting and child cognitive outcomes at 24 and 36 months. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2006. Vol. 6 (2/3), pp. 211—228.
47. Silberstein R.K., Boehnke K., Reykowski J. Prosocial Motives from 12 to 18: A Comparison of Adolescents from Berlin and Warsaw. In R. K. Silberstein, K. Eyferth, and G. Rudinger (Eds.). Development as Action in Context, 1986, pp. 137—164.
48. Simons L.G., Conger R.D. Linking mother-father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 2007. Vol. 28 (2), pp. 212—241.
49. Staub E. Positive social behavior and morality: Socialization and development. 2, New York: Academic Press, 1979.
50. Tildesley E.A., Andrews J.A. The development of children’s intentions to use alcohol: Direct and indirect effects of parent alcohol use and parenting behaviors. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2008. Vol. 22, pp. 326—339.
51. Torrente G., Vazsonyi A.T. The salience of the family in antisocial and delinquent behavior among Spanish adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2008. Vol. 169, pp. 189—197.
52. Vander Zanden, James W. Social Psychology. NY, Mc-Graw Hill, 1987.
53. Winsler A., Madigan A.L., Aquilino S.A. Correspondence between maternal and paternal parenting styles in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2005. Vol. 20, pp. 1—12.