Frequent social comparison and emotional maladjustment among students

Results of pilot study based on integration of social and clinical psychology are pre¬sented in the article. Hypothesis on correlation between social comparison orienta¬tion and emotional maladjustment among students has been tested. Social comparison orientation along with symptoms of depression, anxiety, worry, social distress, envy, jealousy and everyday stress were measured in the sample of 122 universities students. All indicators of emotional maladjustment enrolled into analysis were higher in the subgroup of students prone to frequent social comparisons. The severity of symptoms among these "comparers" is compatible with analogue indices, reg¬istered among patients with affective spectrum disorder. The strongest correlations revealed between social comparison orientations and worry symptoms.

1. Beskova T.V. Psihologicheskie mehanizmy formirovanija zavisti i ee determinant. Jelektronnyj zhurnal "Vestnik MGOU". 2013. № 1. Available at: http://evestnik­mgou.ru (Accessed15.11.2014).
2. Garanjan N.G. Perfekcionizm i vrazhdebnost' kak lichnostnye faktory depressivnyh i trevozhnyh rasstrojstv // Diss. … dokt. psihol. nauk. M., 2010. 275 p.
3. Garanjan N.G., Holmogorova A.B., Judeeva T.Ju. Perfekcionizm, depressija i trevoga. Moskovskij psihoterapevticheskij zhurnal. 2001. № 4. Pp. 112—141.
4. Garanjan N.G., Serebrjanaja A.V. Revnost' i disfunkcional'nye kognitivnye shemy. Konsul'tativnaja psihologija i psihoterapija. 2013. № 1. Pp. 20—41.
5. Gorshenina N.V. Zavist' kak nravstvenno­jeticheskoe kachestvo studenta. Sovremennye issledovanija social'nyh problem. Jelektronnyj nauchnyj zhurnal. 2012. № 12 (20). Available at: http://sisp.nkras.ru (Accessed 15.11.2014).
6. Evdokimova Ja.G. Interpersonal'nye faktory jemocional'noj dezadaptacii u studentov mladshih kursov. Psihologicheskaja nauka i obrazovanie. 2007. № 5. Pp. 71—82.
7. Krasnova V.V. Social'naja trevozhnost' kak faktor narushenij interpersonal'nyh otnoshenij i trudnostej v uchebnoj dejatel'nosti u studentov. Diss. ... kand. psihol. nauk: 19.00.13. M., 2013. 209 p.
8. Moskova M.V. Lichnostnye faktory jemocional'noj dezadaptacii studentov. Diss. ... kand. psihol. nauk: 19.00.13. M., 2008. 189 p.
9. Muzdybaev K. Zavistlivost' lichnosti. Psihologicheskij zhurnal. 2002. Tom 23. № 6. Pp. 38—43.
10. Holmogorova A.B. Integrativnaja psihoterapija rasstrojstv affektivnogo spektra / M., "MEDPRAKTIKA­M", 2011. 480 p.
11. Barber J. Relative misery and youth suicide // Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001. V. 35. № 1. Pp. 49—57.
12. Bazner E., Brommer P., Hammelstein P., Meyer T. Current and former depression and their relationship to the effects of social comparison processes // Journal of affec­tive disorders. 2006. V. 93, №№1—3. Pp. 97—103.
13. Beck A., Clark D. Cognitive Therapy of anxiety disorders: science and practice / New York, London: Guilford Press, 2010. Pp. 628.
14. Beck A., Steer R. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual / San Antonio: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1993.
15. Beck A., Steer R., Garbin M. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inven­tory: Twenty­five years of evaluation // Clinical Psychology Review. 1988. № 1. Pp. 77—100.
16. Buunk B., Mussweiler T. New directions in social comparison research. // European Journal of Social Psychology. 2001. V. 31. Pp. 467—475.
17. Buunk P., Taylor E., Collins R., VanYperen N. The Affective Consequences of Social Comparison: Either Direction Has Its Ups and Downs // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990. Vol. 59. № 6. Pp. 1238—1249.
18. Dijkstra P., Gibbons F., Buunk A. Social comparison theory // Social Psychological foundations of clinical psychology / Maddux J., Tangney J. (Eds.). 2010. Guilford Press. New York. London. Pp. 195—210.
19. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes // Human Relations. 1954. V. 7. Pp. 117—140.
20. Gibbons F. Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. № 51. Pp. 140—148.
21. Gibbons F., Buunk B. Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999. V. 76. Рp. 129—142.
22. Gibbons F., Buunk B. Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999. V. 76. Рp. 129—142.
23. Giordano C., Wood J., Michela L. Depressive personality styles, dysphoria, and social comparisons in everyday life // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000.
24. V. 79. № 3. Pp. 438—451. Heckhausen J. Social comparison as prototypical strategies in developmental regula­tion / Developmental regulation in adulthood. 2006. Pp. 157—187.
25. Hill S., DelPriore D., Vaughan P. The Cognitive Consequences of Envy: Attention, Memory and Self­Regulatory Depletion // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011. V. 101. № 4. Pp. 653—666.
26. Kowalski R., Leary M. The interface of social­clinical psychology: Where we've been, Where we are? // The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems: Interfaces of social and clinical psychology / Kowalski R., Leary M. (Eds.). Washington, D. C. American Psychological Association. Pp. 3—33.
27. Krasnova H., Wenninger H., Widjaja T., Buxmann P. Envy on Facebook: A Hidden Threat to Users' Life Satisfaction? // Research Paper, International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik / Leipzig, Germany: Business Information Systems, 2013.
28. Krizan Z., Bushman B. Better than my loved ones: social comparison tendencies among narcissists // Personality and Individual Differences. 2011. V. 50. Pp. 212—216. Leahy R. Cognitive Therapy techniques: a practitioner guide / New York, London:
29. Guilford Press, 2007. P. 32. Lyubomirsky S., Ross L. Hedonic consequence of social comparison: a contrast of happy and unhappy people // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997.
30. V. 73. Pp. 1141—1157.
31. Meyer T., Miller M., Metzger R., Borkovec T. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire // Behavioral and Research Therapy. 1990. V. 28. № 6. Pp. 487—495.
32. Pantic I., Damjanovic A., Todorovic J. Assosiation between online social networking and depression in high school students: behavior and physiology view point // Psychiatria Danubina. 2012. V. 24. № 1. Pp. 90—93.
33. Smith R., Kim S. Comprehending envy // Psychological Bulletin. 2007. V. 133. № 46. Pp. 46—64.
34. Smith R. Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparison // Handbook of social comparison: Theory and Research / Suls J., Wheeler L. (Eds.). Dordrecht. The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic. 2000. Pp. 173—200.
35. Suls J., Wheeler L. A selective history of classic and neo­social comparison theory // Handbook of social comparison: Theory and Research / Suls J., Wheeler L. (Eds.). Dordrecht. The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic. 2000. Pp. 1—23.
36. Utz S., Beukeboom C. The Role of Social Network Sites in Romantic Relationships: Effects on Jealousy and Relationship Happiness [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Computer­Mediated Communication. 2011. V. 16. № 4, URL: www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083­6101.2011.01552.x/pdf (дата обращения: 01.112014).
37. Vohs K. Ego threat elicits different social comparison processes among high and low self­esteem people: implications for interpersonal perceptions // Social cognition. 2004. V. 22. № 1. Pp. 168—191.
38. Watson D., Friend R. Measurement of social­evaluative anxiety // Journal of Consul­ting and Clinical Psychology. 1969. V. 33. № 4. Pp. 448—457.
39. Wert S., Salovey P. A Social Comparison Account of Gossip // Review of General Psychology. 2004. V. 8. №. 2. Pp. 122—137.
40. White J., Langer E., Yariv L., Welch J. Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons // Journal of adult development. 2006. V. 6. № 1. Pp. 36—46.