The semantic role of quotations from “The Ladder” of St. John of Sinai in the spiritual letters to monastics of St. Ambrose of Optina. The theme of spiritual warfare

 
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Abstract

Context and relevance. The epistolary legacy of the Optina Pustyn elders is substantial yet remains understudied. The question of the influence of patristic texts on the elders' spiritual letters remains open. This article examines quotations from The Ladder in letters to monastics by St. Ambrose of Optina, who participated in the translation of this book into "semi-Slavic" and Russian, as well as its 1862 publication. The number of quotations from The Ladder in the letters to monastics significantly exceeds those from the works of other holy fathers, indicating their particular significance. Objective. To identify the semantic function of quotations from “The Ladder” in the letters to monastics written by St. Ambrose of Optina. Hypothesis. Quotations from “The Ladder” in the letters of Venerable Ambrose to monastics serve an ascetic function; the Elder employs them to provide practical guidance for the spiritual lives of the recipients. Methods and materials. The article primarily employs textological, comparative, and hermeneutic methods. It analyzes the letters of St. Ambrose of Optina addressed to monastics—originally published in 1908–1909 (2012 edition)—and the “Ladder of Divine Ascent” by St. John of Sinai in the 1862 Optina translation into "semi-Slavonic" and Russian. Results. Of the 47 letters quoting The Ladder, 32 focus on the theme of "spiritual warfare," which combines motifs of passions (pride, vanity, gluttony, lust, etc.) and virtues (obedience, humility, patience, tears, etc.). The main motifs are those related to the monk's confrontation with evil spirits. These motifs include temptations, the struggle with thoughts, "delusion," and prayer (often the Jesus Prayer). The method and forms of quotation testify to the elder's free approach to the text of St. John of Sinai, his focus on conveying meaning. Most quotations are given indirectly, often only a reference to the text itself is given; words are sometimes "attributed" to St. John of Sinai, conveying a thought or idea needed by the elder for edification or assistance in resolving the addressee's spiritual problem. Conclusions. The elder's primary goal is to guide and assist his addressees—the nuns—in their spiritual struggle with passions and invisible "spirits of evil," which determines the ascetic nature of the letters, and the semantic function of quotations from “The Ladder”. The specific nature of quotation is determined by the relationship between "one's own" and "other's" words, characteristic of the collective consciousness of the Holy Fathers. This explains the special nature of dialogism, which can be defined as a consensus or synergy of voices equal in their relationship to Truth.

General Information

Keywords: "The Ladder", St. John of Sinai, St. Ambrose of Optina, spiritual letters, quote, monasticism, asceticism, "spiritual warfare", semantic analysis

Journal rubric: World Literature. Textology

Article type: research article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/langt.2026130305

Funding. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project number 22-18-00005-П, https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-18-00005/.

Received 08.08.2026

Revised 28.08.2026

Accepted

Published

For citation: Dorofeeva, L. (2026). The semantic role of quotations from “The Ladder” of St. John of Sinai in the spiritual letters to monastics of St. Ambrose of Optina. The theme of spiritual warfare. Language and Text, 13(3), 52–67. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/langt.2026130305

© Dorofeeva L., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

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Information About the Authors

Ludmila G. Dorofeeva, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Professor, Institute of Russian Philology and Media Technologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-8379, e-mail: lgdorofeeva@mail.ru

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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