Skip to Main Content

Psychological Science and Education
2025. Vol. 30, no. 6, 163–181
doi:10.17759/pse.2025300610
ISSN: 1814-2052 / 2311-7273 (online)

The relationship and intercultural differences in tolerance and existential characteristics of student youth (on example of Russia and Armenia)

 
Audio is AI-generated
0

,

PDF (RUS)
Online translation in english
GS
Information
in Google Scholar
Metrics

Abstract

Context and relevance. The article offers an analysis of the levels of tolerance and existential characteristics of student youth, highlights the differences between the levels of tolerance and existential fullness in different ethnic groups, and studies the relationship between the level of tolerance and existential characteristics of Armenian and Russian student youth. Objective. The aim is to study the relationship between tolerance levels and existential characteristics of student youth in different sociocultural environments — the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. Hypothesis. The hypotheses of our study were the following: 1) We assume that there exists a relationship between the levels of tolerance and certain existential characteristics; 2) We assume that the levels of tolerance and existential characteristics are different in Armenian and Russian student youth. Methods and materials. The study involved 100 participants (Armenian and Russian students). The subjects were divided into 2 groups (50% each): Armenian and Russian students (M = 20,94; 16% male, 84% female). We assessed the respondents’ levels of tolerance and existential characteristics using the following assessment methods: the “Index of Tolerance” questionnaire by G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, and O.E. Khukhlaeva; and the Existence Scale (ES) by A. Längle, K. Orgler, and S.V. Krivtsova. Results. According to our first hypothesis, we observed statistically significant correlations between the general level of tolerance and certain existential characteristics. According to our second hypothesis, we identified statistically significant differences in the levels of tolerance and existential characteristics in Armenian and Russian student youth. Conclusions. The results showed medium and low statistically significant correlations between the general level of tolerance and existential characteristics in the Russian sample, while no statistically significant correlation was discovered in the general level of tolerance and the existential characteristics in the Armenian sample. The differences between the two samples can be attributed to the differences in the sociocultural situation in the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation.

General Information

Keywords: tolerance, existential characteristics, existential fullness, Armenian and Russian student youth, relationship

Journal rubric: Developmental Psychology

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2025300610

Funding. The research was supported by the Higher Education and Science Committee of MESCS RA (Research project №10-2/24SSAH-5A039).

Supplemental data. Berberyan, A.S., Tepanyan, S.A. (2025). The relationship and intercultural differences in tolerance and existential characteristics of student youth (on example of Russia and Armenia) (data repository): Dataset. RusPsyData: Repository of psychological research and instruments. Moscow. https://doi.org/10.48612/MSUPE/nemh-xd8u-tkmp

Received 05.08.2025

Revised 22.10.2025

Accepted

Published

For citation: Berberyan, A.S., Tepanyan, S.A. (2025). The relationship and intercultural differences in tolerance and existential characteristics of student youth (on example of Russia and Armenia). Psychological Science and Education, 30(6), 163–181. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2025300610

© Berberyan A.S., Tepanyan S.A., 2025

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

References

  1. Асмолов, А.Г. (2002). Толерантность как культура XX века. Толерантность: объединяем усилия (с. 150–181). Летний сад.
    Asmolov, A.G. (2002). Tolerance as the Culture of the 20th Century. In Tolerance: Bringing Efforts Together (pp. 150–181). Letniy Sad.
  2. Асмолов, А.Г. (2011). Идеология толерантности: школа жизни с непохожими людьми. Горизонты современного образования, (9), 1–3.
    Asmolov, A.G. (2011). Ideology of tolerance: a school of life with dissimilar people. Gorizonty` sovremennogo obrazovaniya (9), 1–3.
  3. Берберян, А.С., Берберян, Э.С., Геворкян, С.Р. (2025). Этническая идентичность и субъективное восприятие времени личности (на примере армянской молодежи). Культурно-историческая психология, 21(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2025210107 ISSN: 1816-5435 / 2224-8935
    Berberyan, A.S., Berberyan, H.S., Gevorkyan, S.R. (2025). Ethnic identity and personality's subjective perception of time (on example of Armenian youth). Cultural-Historical Psychology, 21(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2025210107. ISSN: 1816-5435 / 2224-8935
  4. Бульцева, М.А., Бушина, Е.В., Берберян, А.С., Коджа, Е.А. (2021). Роль советской идентичности во взаимосвязи мультикультурализма и проницаемости социальных границ для русских в Армении. Культурно-историческая психология, 17(4), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170406
    Bultseva, M.A., Bushina, E.V., Berberyan, A.S., Kodja, E.A. (2021). The Role of Soviet Identity in the Relationship of Multiculturalism and Boundaries Permeability for Russians in Armenia. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 17(4), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170406
  5. Виндекер, О.С., Бердникова, Д.В. (2022). Экзистенциальный подход к проблеме образовательной успешности студентов. Известия УрФУ. Серия 1. Проблемы образования, науки и культуры. 28(3). https://doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.3.059
    Vindeker, O.S., Berdnikova, D.V. (2022). The Existential Approach to Students’ Educational Success. Izvestia of Ural Federal University. Series 1. Problems of Education, Science and Culture, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.3.05
  6. Волкова, Н.А. (2021). Проблематика вопроса мультикультурализма и социально-психологической толерантности в условиях глобализации и всеобщей интеграции. Познание, (8). http://www.nauteh-journal.ru/files/d5ab45cd-57e1-4693-a6d4-c70b6742a85a
    Volkova, N.A. (2021). Problems of the issue of multiculturalism and socio-psychological tolerance in the context of globalization and universal integration. Poznanie, (8). http://www.nauteh-journal.ru/files/d5ab45cd-57e1-4693-a6d4-c70b6742a85a
  7. Единство Армении и диаспоры. (2023, март 10-12). Ассамблея. Future Armenian. https://futurearmenian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Armenia-Diaspora_unity-rus.pdf
    Armenia-Diaspora Unity. (2023, March 10–12). Convention of the Future Armenian. https://futurearmenian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Armenia-Diaspora_unity-rus.pdf
  8. Леонтьев, Д.А., Мандрикова, Е.Ю. (2005). Моделирование «экзистенциальной дилеммы»: эмпирическое исследование личностного выбора. Вестник Московского государственного университета. Серия 14. Психология, (4), 37–42.
    Leontiev, D.A., Mandrikova, E.Yu. (2005). Modeling the "existential dilemma": an empirical study of personal choice. Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 14. Psychology, (4), 37–42.
  9. Лернер, С.А. (2023). Толерантность к неопределенности и экзистенциальные ресурсы лиц среднего возраста. Научные Труды Московского Гуманитарного университета, (6), 49–56. https://www.doi.org/10.17805/trudy.2023.6.7
    Lerner, S.A. (2023). Tolerance of ambiguity and existential resources of middle-aged persons. Scientific Works of the Moscow University for the Humanities, (6), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.17805/trudy.2023.6.7
  10. Омельченко, Н.В. (2023). Смысл жизни как глобальная проблема. Философия и общество, 1(106). https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2023.01.0
    Omelchenko, N.V. (2023). The meaning of life as a global problem. Philosophy and Society, (1(106)). https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2023.01.0
  11. Первова, И.Л. (Ред.). (2022). Толерантность и интолерантность в современном обществе: Новые реалии. Материалы научно-практической конференции, 15–16 ноября 2022 года. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет.
    Pervova, I.L. (Ed.). (2022). Tolerance and Intolerance in the Modern Society: New Realities. Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference, November 15–16, 2022. Saint Petersburg State University.
  12. Северина, Ю.В., Епишин, В.Е. (2024). Логотерапия и ее возможности в процессе психологической реабилитации. Реабилитология, 2(4), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.17749/2949-5873/rehabil.2024.34
    Severina, Yu.V., Epishin, V.E. (2024). Logotherapy and its potential for psychological rehabilitation. Journal of Medical Rehabilitation, 2(4), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.17749/2949-5873/rehabil.2024.34
  13. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Perseus Books.
  14. American Psychological Association. (2023). APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/tolerance
  15. Aurelius, M. (ca. 180 CE/1692). The meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus: The Roman emperor, concerning himself (M. Casaubon, Trans.). Churchill. (Original work written ca. 180 CE)
  16. Belov, A.A., Danilov, A.N., Rotman, D. (2023). Homo tolerant in the value system “essentialism – existentialism.” RUDN Journal of Sociology, 23(4), 740–753. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-4-740-753
  17. Berberyan, A.S., Bultseva, M.A., Berrios Callejas, S.A. (2024). The permeability of social boundaries for Russians in the post-Soviet space: The role of social identities and perceived security. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2024-21-2-408-426
  18. Berry, J.W., Lepshokova, Z., Grigoryev, D. (2022). How shall we all live together? Meta-analytical review of the mutual intercultural relations in plural societies project. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 1014–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12332
  19. Bivand, M., Mathilde, E., Mjelva, B., Forø, A.T. (2025). Conceptualizing and measuring conflict-related determinants of migration. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2025.2499816
  20. Johansson, T.R. (2024). In defence of multiculturalism – theoretical challenges. International Review of Sociology, 34(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2045141Frankl, V.E. (1987). Logotherapie und Existenzanalyse: Texte aus fünf Jahrzehnten [Logotherapy and existential analysis: Texts from five decades]. Piper.
  21. Joppke, C. (2004). The retreat of multiculturalism in the liberal state: Theory and policy. The British Journal of Sociology, 55(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00017.x
  22. Längle, A. (2003). The search for meaning in life and the fundamental existential motivations. Psychotherapy in Australia, 10(1), 22–27.
  23. Längle, A., Orgler, C., Kundi, M. (2021). The Existence Scale: A new approach to assess the ability to find personal meaning in life and to reach existential fulfillment. European Psychotherapy, 4(1), 135–151.
  24. Locke, J. (1689). A letter concerning toleration (W. Popple, Trans.).
  25. Liu, M. (2021). Factors influencing tolerance of ambiguity and its implications for second language learning. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education: Current Issues and Digital Technologies (ICECIDT 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210527.081
  26. Maurits, R.H., Hatta, M.I., Suhana, S. (2023). The application of logotherapy to improve the meaning of life in emerging adults with self-injury. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 11(2), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v11i2.22875
  27. McLafferty, C.L., Jr. (2024). Logotherapy and existential analysis: Theory and practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48921-1
  28. Moghaddam, F.M. (2024). The psychology of multiculturalism, assimilation, and omniculturalism: Managing diversity in global context. Springer Briefs in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62597-8
  29. Nicholson, P. (1985). Toleration as a moral ideal. In J. Horton, S. Mendus (Eds.), Aspects of toleration (pp. 1–25). Methuen.
  30. Oberdiek, H. (2001). Tolerance: Between forbearance and acceptance. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  31. Ospanov, M., Kalyuzhnova, Y., Khlystova, O., Crowley-Vigneau, A. (2025). The impact of armed conflicts and forced migration on labour markets: Systematic literature review and future research agenda. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2025.2513072
  32. Poole, A. (2021). Migration as conflict risk-management: Testing the new economics of labour migration as a framework for understanding refugee decision-making. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(17), 3725–3742. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1984217
  33. Sakharchuk, E.S., Bagramyan, E.R., Kiseleva, I.A., Sakharchuk, A.L. (2022). Social focus of the educational activity of the university: Declaration of goals and practice. The Education and Science Journal, 24(3), 11–40. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2022-3-11-40
  34. Schmitt, H.J., Calloway, E., Sullivan, D., Clausen, W., Tucker, P.G., Rayman, J., et al. (2021). Chronic environmental contamination: A systematic review of psychosocial health consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145025
  35. Solobutina, M., Miyassarova, L. (2019). Dynamics of existential personality fulfillment in the course of psychotherapy. Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010021
  36. Sullivan, D., Schmitt, H.J., Goad, A.N. (2022). The socio-material force theory of identity. Theory & Psychology, 32, 353–374.
  37. Verkuyten, M. (2022). The Social Psychology of Tolerance. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003335030
  38. Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., Adelman, L. (2022). The social psychology of intergroup tolerance and intolerance. European Review of Social Psychology, 34(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2022.2091326
  39. Yalom, I.D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.

Information About the Authors

Asya S. Berberyan, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head of the Psychology Department, Armenian-Russian University, Yerevan, Armenia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-0161, e-mail: aspsy@inbox.ru

Satenik A. Tepanyan, Postgraduate Student in Psychology, Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University, Yerevan, Armenia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0706-4412, e-mail: satenik_tepanyan@mail.ru

Contribution of the authors

Asya S. Berberyan – conceptualization; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; supervision; project administration; funding acquisition; drafting; reviewing, and editing.

Satenik A. Tepanyan – data collection; formal analysis; reviewing, and editing.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics statement

Written informed consent for participation in this study was obtained from the participants.

Metrics

 Web Views

Whole time: 1
Previous month: 0
Current month: 1

 PDF Downloads

Whole time: 0
Previous month: 0
Current month: 0

 Total

Whole time: 1
Previous month: 0
Current month: 1