Evolution of the Institution of Insanity in English Law

The article studies the genesis and evolution of the insanity institute in the English law using historical and legal as well as comparative and legal methodologies. Special focus is given to the psychological and legal aspects of insanity. The material is presented in the habitual way to the Russian reader, i.e. didactically, all the distinctive features of the following are preserved: statutory and case law, English criminal psychology and forensic psychiatry. On the basis of exploring foreign and Russian scientific publications on criminal law and legal psychology the analysis of the milestones in development of the insanity institute is done. Critical reflection was employed upon the psychological and judicial doctrines, statutes and precedents that legislate certain aspects of insanity. The article analyses the "non compos mentis" rule, “wild-beast-test”, McNathan's Rules, Caldwell's test as well as the legislative acts regulating particular aspects of insanity. Some of the precedents and doctrinal provisions of the English law have never been translated into Russian and are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time.

1. Gel'der M., Geht D., Meio R. Oksfordskoe rukovodstvo po psikhiatrii: v 2 t. T. 1. [Oxford Manual of Psychiatry: in 2 vol. Vol. 1]: per.s angl. Kiev: Sfera, 1999. 300 p. (In Russ.).  
2. Esakov G.A. Mens rea v ugolovnom prave SSHA: istoriko-pravovoe issledovanie [Mens rea in US criminal law: a historical and legal study]. Saint Petersburg: Yurid. centr Press, 2003. 551 p. (In Russ.).   
3. Esakov G.A. Nevmenyaemost' po angliiskomu ugolovnomu pravu [Insanity under English criminal law]. Lex russica [Russian law], 2006. Vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 416—427. (In Russ.).  
4. Esakov G.A., Krylova N.E., Serebrennikova A.V. Ugolovnoe pravo zarubezhnykh stran [Criminal law of foreign countries]. Moscow: Prospekt, 2008. 336 p. (In Russ.).  
5. Kenni. K. Osnovy ugolovnogo prava: per.s angl. [Fundamentals of Criminal Law]. Moscow: Publ. Inostrannaya literatura, 1949. 599 p. (In Russ.).
6. Korona A., Rodriges N., Kehmeron K. Istoriya zashchity ssylkoi na nevmenyaemost' v angloyazychnykh stranakh i ee vliyanie v Severnoi Amerike: Nauchnyi obzor [The history of defense by reference to insanity in English-speaking countries and its impact in North America: A scientific review]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Russian Journal of Psychiatry], 2017, no. 3, pp. 56—60. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
7. Motov V.V. Psikhicheskoe rasstroistvo i ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' v SSHA [Mental Disorder and Criminal Liability in the United States]. Nezavisimyi psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Independent Journal of Psychiatry], 2004, no. 1, pp. 57—65. (In Russ.).   
8. Ronal'd B. Psikhologiya kriminal'nogo povedeniya: per. s angl. [Psychology of criminal behavior]. Saint Petersburg: Piter: Piter print, 2004. 495 p. (In Russ.).  
9. Trikoz E.N. Institut neobkhodimoi oborony v Ugolovnom kodekse Indii 1860 goda [Institute of Necessary Defense in the Indian Criminal Code of 1860]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo. [Bulletin of Sankt-Petersburg University. Law], 2019. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 124—135. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.). 
10. 10.       Shishkov S.N. Kriterii nevmenyaemosti v angliiskom ugolovnom prave KHVIII veka [Criteria for insanity in English criminal law of the eighteenth century]. Pravo i politika [Law and Politics], 2007, no. 2, pp. 108—114. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
11. Shishkov S.N. “Kriterii dikogo zverYA” i paradoksy nevmenyaemosti ["The criterion of the wild beast" and the paradoxes of insanity]. Nezavisimyi psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Independent Psychiatric Journal], 2001, no. 1, pp. 45—55. (In Russ.).  
12. Khehlzem M.T. Psikhiatriya: per.s angl. [Psychiatry]. L'vov: Initsiativa, Moscow: AST, 1998. 609 p. (In Russ.).  
13. Allen M. Textbook on Criminal law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 511 p.
14. Platt A., Diamond B.L. The Origins of the “Right and Wrong” Test of Criminal Responsibility and Its Subsequent Development in the United States: An Historical Survey. California Law Review, 1966. Vol. 54, pp. 1227—1260.
15. Black's Legal Online Dictionary [Electronic resource]. URL: https://alegaldictionary.com/ (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
16. Bratty v. Attorney-General for Northern Ireland (1963) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5a8ff8ca60d03e 7f57ecd77c (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
17. Hawthorne Ch. Deific Decree. The Short, Happy Life of a Pseudo-Doctrine. 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1755 (2000) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol33/iss4/15 (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
18. Clarkson, C.M.V., Keating H.M., Cunningham S.R. Criminal Law: Texts and Materials, 6th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2007. 886 p.
19. Coke E. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England; Or, A Commentary Upon Littleton. Not the Name of the Author Only, but of the Law Itself, 19 th ed. Charles Butler (ed.). Vol. II. London, 1853. 861 p.
20. Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/84 (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
21. Crotty H.D. The History of Insanity as a Defence to Crime in English Criminal Law. California Law Review, 1924. Vol. 12(2), pp. 105—123.
22. Dalton M. The Country Justice: Containing the Practice of the Justices of the Peace out of Their Sessions. London, 1690. 654 p.
23. DPP v. Camplin (1978). [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/DPP-v-Camplin.php (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
24. Keenan v. the United Kingdom. Decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 03.04.2001. (application no. 27229/95) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
25. Online Resource Centres. Oxford University Press [Electronic resource]. URL: https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/law/criminal/heaton4e/resources/casematerial/ bychapter/ch07/ (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
26. Shea P. M'Naghten Revisited — Back to the Future? (The Mental Illness Defence — A Psychiatric Perspective). Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 2001. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 347—362.
27. R. v. Belfon (1976) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.lawteacher. net/cases/assault-cases.php (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
28. R. v. Burgess (1991) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/R-v-Burgess.php (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
29. R. v. Clarke (1972) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5a8ff87960d03e7f57ec10c4 (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
30. R. v. Douce (1972), R. v. Seers (1985). In C. Elliott, F. Quinn (eds.) Criminal Law, 7th ed. London: Longman, 2008, pp. 94—95.
31. R. v. Quick (1973) R. V. Paddison (1973) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/law/criminal/heaton4e/resources/casematerial/bychapter/ch07/#c (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
32. R. v. Sullivan (1984) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://global. oup.com/uk/orc/law/criminal/heaton4e/resources/casematerial/bychapter/ch07/#c (Аccessed 08.01.2021).
33. R. v. Windle (1952) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.coursehero. com/file/p422lp1/R-v-Windle-1952-2-QB-826-The-defendant-had-killed-his-wife-by-administering-an/ (Аccessed 08.01.2021).