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Social Psychology and Society
2025. Vol. 16, no. 3, 183–204
doi:10.17759/sps.2025160310
ISSN: 2221-1527 / 2311-7052 (online)

Development, validation and standardization of the questionnaire “The degree and type of one’s maladaptive subordination in a virtual environment”

 
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Abstract

Context and relevance. In the context of the virtual environment, subordination can be maladaptive and manifest itself as a form of digital deviation. Currently, there is a paucity of diagnostic tools with which to study the level of maladaptive subordination that develops in the context of Internet interaction, and moreover, the types of such subordination.
Objective. Development, reliability testing, validation and standardization of the questionnaire, which allows to reveal the degree of and type of one's maladaptive subordination in conditions of virtual interpersonal interaction.
Research design. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to respondents using Google Forms with the objective of identifying convergent validity, examining the internal consistency of all scales in the questionnaire, and conducting personal interviews with a panel of experts to test content validity. The study was conducted from December 2024 to February 2025. Participants. A total of 550 subjects were included in the study, comprising students and residents of universities in Saratov, Moscow, Krasnodar, Stavropol, and Grozny. The sample included 405 (74%) female and 145 (26%) male subjects. The average age of the respondents was 24 ± 5 years.
Methods (tools). General Trust Scale of T. Yamagishi in the adaptation of E.A. Vlasenko, the Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality in modification of L.N. Sobchik, the modified Scale of Social Trust in adaptation of I.Y. Leonova, I.N. Leonov. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, correlation analysis (Spearman) were used to process and analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using the R programming language (v.4.3.3) in the RStudio environment.
Results. The three-factor structure of the questionnaire GFI = 0,93, AGFI = 0,90, TLI = 0,96, CFI = 0,96, SRMR = 0,04, RMSEA = 0,04 was confirmed. The content and convergent validity of the questionnaire was proved. Good (α Kronbach 0,77-0,89) consistency across the three scales and acceptable consistency for the integrative scale of the questionnaire (α Kronbach = 0,68) were found.
Conclusions. Exploratory factor analysis identified a 3-factor structure of the questionnaire, validated through confirmatory factor analysis. This analysis also demonstrated the questionnaire's gender invariance. Standardisation of the questionnaire's rating scales was undertaken. The questionnaire is a pioneering tool for diagnosing one's maladaptive subordination in virtual environments, its degree and type.

General Information

Keywords: maladaptive subordination, virtual environment, conformity, impulsivity, anxiety, responsiveness, trust

Journal rubric: Methodological Tools

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2025160310

Funding. The reported study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, grant № 25-28-00368 “Maladaptive subordination of youth in virtual environment: predictors, levels, types, psychological conditions of prevention”, https://grant.rscf.ru/site/user/forms?rid=000000000000010437779-1.

Supplemental data. Datasets аvailable from https://doi.org/10.48612/MSUPE/gb8r-x3z8-x23b.

Received 19.02.2025

Revised 10.06.2025

Accepted

Published

For citation: Belykh, T.V., Knyazev , E.B., Sharov, A.A., Belykh, V.V. (2025). Development, validation and standardization of the questionnaire “The degree and type of one’s maladaptive subordination in a virtual environment”. Social Psychology and Society, 16(3), 183–204. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2025160310

© Belykh T.V., Knyazev E.B., Sharov A.A., Belykh V.V., 2025

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

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Information About the Authors

Tatiana V. Belykh, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Social Psychology of Education and Development, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-3460, e-mail: tvbelih@mail.ru

Evgeny B. Knyazev, Candidate of Science (Psychology), Senior Researcher of the Department of Social Psychology of Education and Development, Saratov State University, Associate Professor at the Department of Pedagogy, Educational Technologies and Professional Communication, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6646-6247, e-mail: eknyaze@gmail.com

Aleksei A. Sharov, Candidate of Science (Psychology), Associate Professor of the Department of Educational Psychology and Psychodiagnostics, Saratov State University , Saratov, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-1413, e-mail: sha555da@mail.ru

Viktor V. Belykh, Assistant of the Department of Social Psychology of Education and Development, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1878-6630, e-mail: stavstav950@gmail.com

Contribution of the authors

Tatiana V. Belykh — conducting theoretical and empirical research, analysis of the data obtained, participating in the development of the questionnaire, preparing the text of the article.
Evgeny B. Knyazev — implementation of statistical data processing, their analysis, description of the results of empirical research.
Aleksey A. Sharov — participation in the development of the questionnaire, description of the results of empirical research.
Viktor V. Belykh — participation in the development of the questionnaire, standardization of the questionnaire.
All authors participated in the discussion of the results and approved the final text of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics statement

The study was reviewed and approved by the Expert Commission of Saratov State University (report no. 147, 2025/02/13).

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