В какой-то момент, однако, синестетический опыт всё-таки может стать эталоном чувствительности инструментов и методов

Синестезия – это «необычное свойство ума» (Galton, 1880), при котором – начнем с такого определения – «один из признаков стимула (например, его звук, форма или значение) [провоцирующего синестезию] неизбежно вызывает осознанное восприятие другого (добавочного) признака [синестетической реакции]» (Ward, 2013). Синестезией называют частный случай субъективного переживания, для различных форм синестезии характерны следующие общие признаки: характер добавочного ощущения, непроизвольность возникновения этих ощущений (нельзя заставить себя испытать их усилием воли; это отличает синестетические переживания, например, от метафор), ощущения случайны и индивидуально своеобразны по характеру связей (Hupé и др., 2012; Hupé, Dojat 2015).

1. Bosley, Hannah G., and David M. Eagleman. 2015. “Synesthesia in twins: incomplete concordance in monozygotes suggests extragenic factors.” Behavioural Brain Research; vol. 286: 93–96. doi: 10.1016/j. bbr.2015.02.024.
2. Chun, Charlotte A., and Jean-Michel Hupé. 2013. “Mirror-touch and tick- er tape experiences in synesthesia.” Frontiers in Psychology; 7 Novem- ber; vol. 4, article 776. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00776.
3. Chun, Charlotte A., and Jean-Michel Hupé. 2016. “Are synesthetes ex- ceptional beyond their synesthetic associations? A systematic comparison of creativity, personality, cognition, and mental imagery in synesthetes and controls.” British Journal of Psychology; vol. 107: 397–418. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12146.
4. Dojat, Michel, Fabrizio Pizzagalli, and Jean-Michel Hupé. 2018. “Mag- netic resonance imaging does not reveal structural alterations in the brain of grapheme-color synesthetes.” PLoS One; vol. 13(4):e0194422. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194422.
5. Flournoy, Théodore. 1893. Des Phénomènes de Synopsie (Audition Col- orée): Photismes, Schèmes Visuels, Personnifications. Paris: Alcan.
6. Galton, Francis. 1880. “Visualised numerals.” Journal of the Anthropo- logical Institute; vol. 10: 85–102.
7. Garnier, M.M. 2016. “La synesthésie chez l’enfant: prévalence, aspects développementaux et cognitifs.” Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès (HAL Id: tel-01724729, version 1).
8. Hupé, Jean-Michel. 2012a. “Synesthésie, expression subjective d’un pa- limpseste neuronal?” médecine/sciences; vol. 28(8–9): 765–771.
9. Hupé, Jean-Michel. 2012b. “Synesthésies, illusions et subjectivité.” Cer- veau & Psycho; 12 Novembre.
10. Hupé, Jean-Michel. 2015. “Statistical inferences under the Null hypothe- sis: Common mistakes and pitfalls in neuroimaging studies.” Frontiers in Neuroscience; vol. 9, article 18. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00018.
11. Hupé, Jean-Michel, Cécile Bordier, and Michel Dojat. 2012. “The neural bases of grapheme-color synesthesia are not localized in real color sensitive areas.” Cerebral Cortex; vol. 22(7): 1622–1633. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr236.
12. Hupé, Jean-Michel, and Michel Dojat. 2015. “A critical review of the neuroimaging literature on synesthesia.” Frontiers in Human Neurosci- ence; vol. 9, article 103. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00103
13. Novich, Scott, Sherry Cheng, and David M. Eagleman. 2011. “Is synaes- thesia one condition or many? A large-scale analysis reveals subgroups.” Journal of Neuropsychology; vol. 5(2): 353–371.
14. Price, Mark C., and David G. Pearson. 2013. “Toward a visuospatial de- velopmental account of sequence-space synesthesia.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience; vol. 7, article 689.
15. Ruiz, Mathieu J., Michel Dojat, and Jean-Michel Hupé. 2017. “Multivari- ate pattern analysis of fMRI data for imaginary and real colours in graph- eme-colour synaesthesia.” bioRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/214809.
16. Ruiz, Mathieu J., and Jean-Michel Hupé. 2015. “Assessment of the hemispheric lateralization of grapheme-color synesthesia with Stroop-type tests.” PLoS One; vol. 10(3): e0119377. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0119377.
17. Simner, Julia, and Angela E. Bain. 2013. “A longitudinal study of graph- eme-colour synaesthesia in childhood: 6/7 years to 10/11 years.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience; vol 7(603). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00603.
18. Simner, Julia, Jenny Harrold, Harriet Creed, Louise Monro, and Loise Foulkes. 2009. “Early detection of markers for synaesthesia in childhood populations.” Brain; vol. 132 (Pt 1): 57–64.
19. Ward, Jamie. 2013. “Synesthesia.” Annual Review of Psychology; vol. 64: 49–75. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011–143840.
20. Ward, Jamie., and Julia Simner. 2003. “Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia: linguistic and conceptual factors.” Cognition; vol. 89(3): 237–261.
21. Witthoft, Nathan, and Jonathan Winawer. 2013. “Learning, memo- ry, and synesthesia.” Psychological Science; vol. 24(3): 258–265. doi: 10.1177/0956797612452573.
22. Witthoft, Nathan, Jonathan Winawer, and David M. Eagleman. 2015. “Prevalence of learned grapheme-color pairings in a large online sample of synesthetes.” PLoS One; vol. 10(3): e0118996. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0118996.