Psychological Support for Individuals Experiencing Acute Trauma (Based on Experience Working with Victims of a Terrorist Attack at Crocus City Hall)

32

Abstract

The paper presents a description of methods and techniques for providing psychological assistance to people in the acute stage of trauma, using specific cases of psychological counseling of clients in the days following a terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall as an example. The main research objectives were to identify characteristic signs of acute trauma and propose possible ways to provide psychological support for adults, children, and adolescents. The article analyzes domestic and international literature on the psychological consequences of terrorist attacks, considering the main mental disorders and symptoms associated with the trauma of being a witness, as well as methods and techniques for working with individuals who have experienced mental trauma. Five specific cases of people seeking psychological help are described in the article. Based on personal experience, the authors suggest a possible algorithm for dealing with trauma in witnesses and describe some effective techniques: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), breathing exercises, and imagotherapeutic techniques using a metaphor (“Resource (safe) place”, as well as techniques aimed at muscle relaxation and self-regulation.

General Information

Keywords: psychological assistance, terrorist attack, terrorist threat, symptoms and signs of acute trauma, trauma of a witness, acute stress, methods and techniques of psychological assistance, terrorist attack in Crocus City Hall

Journal rubric: Methods and Techniques

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2024130110

Received: 13.04.2024

Accepted:

For citation: Vachkov I., Viryasova E.I., Melenteva O.S., Panfilova M.A. Psychological Support for Individuals Experiencing Acute Trauma (Based on Experience Working with Victims of a Terrorist Attack at Crocus City Hall) [Elektronnyi resurs]. Klinicheskaia i spetsial'naia psikhologiia = Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 2024. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 155–175. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2024130110. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)

References

  1. Brofman V.V., Masterov B.M., Tekoeva Z.S. Mesto strakha v kartine detskoi psikhotravmy: osobennosti vyrazheniya strakha «ugrozy» i strakha «posledstvii» v risunkakh detei, perezhivshikh terakt (longityudnoe issledovanie posledstvii beslanskoi tragedii) [Fear and Childhood Psychological Trauma: aspects of expression of fear of “threat” and fear of “consequences” in drawings of children who survived a terrorist attack (a longitudinal study of the consequences of the Beslan tragedy]. Sovremennoe doshkol'noe obrazovanie = Modern preschool education, 2018. No. 5 (87), pp. 26–37. DOI: 10.24411/1997-9657-2018-00019. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  2. Vachkov I.V. Metafora i obraz v sotsial'no-psikhologicheskoi praktike [Metaphor and image in socio-psychological practice]: monografiya. Samara: Publ. house «Bakhrakh-M», 2022. 160 p. (In Russ.).
  3. Venger A.L. Psikhologicheskaya pomoshch' detyam i podrostkam v chrezvychainykh situatsiyakh (na opyte raboty s zhertvami terroristicheskogo akta v Beslane) [Psychological assistance to children and adolescents in emergency situations (based on the experience of working with victims of the terrorist act in Beslan)]. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling psychology and psychotherapy, 2006. Vol. 14, no. 1. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/journals/cpp/archive/2006_n1/1736 (accessed 30.03.2024) (In Russ.)
  4. Gaida E.Ya., Mazur-Maretskaya E.S. Sluchai raboty s psikhicheskoi travmoi [A case of working with mental trauma]. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling psychology and psychotherapy, 2010. Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 68–86. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  5. Dozortseva E.G., Borisenko E.V. Modeli organizatsii pomoshchi detyam, postradavshim ot nasiliya (zarubezhnyi opyt) [Models of Organization of Assistance for Child Victim of Violence (Foreign Experience)]. Psikhologiya i pravo = Psychology and Law, 2023. Vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 239–251. DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2023130417 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  6. Enikolopov S.N., Lebedev S.V., Bobosov E.A. Vliyanie ekstremal'nogo sobytiya na kosvennykh uchastnikov [An influence of extreme event on the indirect participants]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal = Psychological Journal, 2004. Vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 73–81. (In Russ.)
  7. Zakharova N.M., Baeva A.S., Sobolev N.A. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie posledstviya sovremennogo terrorizma [Socio-psychological impacts of the modern terrorism]. Psikhologiya i parvo = Psychology and Law, 2018. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 190–205. DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2018080314. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  8. Kazennaya E.V. Sovremennoe sostoyanie issledovanii effektivnosti metoda desensibilizatsii i pererabotki dvizheniyami glaz (EMDR) pri posttravmaticheskom stressovom rasstroistve [Current state of research on the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder]. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling psychology and psychotherapy, 2023. Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 69–90. DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2023310304. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  9. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe rasstroistvo: ot 28.02.2023 ID:753. Rubrikator klinicheskikh rekomendatsii Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Clinical Recommendations. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: 28.02.2023 ID:753]. The Rubricator of Clinical Recommendations of Ministry of Health in Russia. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/ schema/753_1 (accessed 09.04.2024) (In Russ.)
  10. Levin P.A. Travma glazami rebenka. Vosstanovlenie i podderzhka emotsional'nogo zdorov'ya u detei [Trauma through the eyes of a child. Restoring and supporting emotional health in children]. Moscow: BOMBORA, 2023. 568 p. (In Russ.).
  11. Nikol'skaya I.M., Dobryakov I.V. Art-terapiya i ee ispol'zovanie v kratkosrochnoi krizisnoi psikhologicheskoi pomoshchi sem'e, postradavshei v terroristicheskom akte v g Beslane [Art therapy and its use in short-term crisis psychological assistance to a family affected by a terrorist attack in Beslan]. Mediko-biologicheskie i sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie problemy bezopasnosti v chrezvychainykh situatsiyakh = Medical-biological and socio-psychological problems of safety in emergency situations, 2016. No 3, pp. 109–118. DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2016-0-3-109-118. (In Russ.).
  12. Panfilova M.A. Igroterapiya obshcheniya. Testy i korrektsionnye igry [Game therapy of communication. Tests and correction games]. Moscow: Gnom i D, 2020. 160 p. (In Russ.).
  13. Ponomarev V.A. Rossiiskie SMI kak aktor informatsionnogo protivodeistviya terrorizmu i formirovaniya antiterroristicheskogo soznaniya [Russian media as actor of informational counter-terrorism who forms antiterrorist consciousness]. Voprosy teorii i praktiki zhurnalistiki = Issues of theory and practice of journalism, 2020. Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 687–699. DOI: 10.17150/2308-6203.2020.9(4).687-699. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  14. Tashcheva A.I. Analiz predstavlenii o psikhologicheskikh problemakh zhertv terakta v Beslane [Analysis of ideas about psychological problems of victims of the Beslan terrorist attack]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: psikhologiya = Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: psychology, 2009. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 91–102. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
  15. Baek J., Lee S., Cho T. et al. Neural circuits underlying a psychotherapeutic regimen for fear disorders. Nature, 2019. Vol. 566, pp. 339–343. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0931-y
  16. Cuijpers P., Karyotaki E., Wit L., Ebert D. The effects of fifteen evidence-supported therapies for adult depression: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 2020. Vol. 30 (3), pp. 279–293. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2019.1649732
  17. Dominguez S.K., Matthijssen S.J.M., Lee C.W. Trauma-focused treatments for depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2021. Vol. 16 (7). e0254778. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254778
  18. Kapteijn C.M., van der Borg J.A.M., Vinke C.M. Endenburg N. On the applicability of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention in dogs with fear and anxiety disorders after a traumatic event. Behaviour, 2021. Vol. 10, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.1163/1568539X-bja10123.
  19. Klimley K.E., Van Hasselt V.B., Stripling A.M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in police, firefighters, and emergency dispatchers. Aggression and violent behavior, 2018. Vol. 43, pp. 33–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.08.005
  20. Lewis C., Roberts N., Andrew M., Starling E., Bisson J. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2020. Vol. 11 (1), e1709709. DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1709709
  21. McCann I.L., Pearlman L.A. Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1990. Vol. 3, pp. 131–149. DOI: 10.1007/BF00975140
  22. Moore L.H., Grubbs J.B. Gambling Disorder and comorbid PTSD: A systematic review of empirical research. Addictive Behaviors, 2021. Vol. 114, e06713, pp. 1–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106713
  23. Morris H., Hatzikiriakidis K., Savaglio M. et al. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for the treatment and early intervention of trauma among first responders: A systematic review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2022. Vol. 35 (3), pp. 778–790. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22792
  24. Portigliatti Pomeri A., La Salvia A., Carletto S. et al. EMDR in cancer patients: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 2021. Vol. 11, e590204. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590204
  25. Scelles C., Bulnes L.C. EMDR as treatment option for conditions other than PTSD: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 2021. Vol.12, e644369. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644369

Information About the Authors

Igor Vachkov, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Professor of the Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-7427, e-mail: vachkoviv@mgppu.ru

Elena I. Viryasova, Professor, Penza Regional Medical College, Penza, Russia, e-mail: viryasovaei@gmail.com

Olga S. Melenteva, Educational Psychologist, Supervisor, Director , Society of Fairy Tale Therapists, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: 01olgam@gmail.com

Marina A. Panfilova, PhD in Psychology, Director, Center for Practical Psychology “Attitude”, Moscow, Russia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1700-3609, e-mail: panfilova-ma@yandex.ru

Metrics

Views

Total: 122
Previous month: 48
Current month: 74

Downloads

Total: 32
Previous month: 17
Current month: 15