Psychological Well-being of Cancer Patients

Formulation of the Problem. In Russia, 2.73% of the population suffer from malignant neoplasms regardless of age. An important factor in successful treatment of cancer patients is psychological well-being, including the presence of positive emotions, engagement, meaning in life, autonomy, positive relationships with others, self-acceptance, and absence of psychological disorders. Actuality. According to scientific articles published between 2005 and present on Scopus, WoS, PubMed, cancer patients are characterized by impaired psychological well-being and require psychological support. Over 1/3 of them experience distress, depression, anxiety, demoralization, and suicidal ideation, which significantly reduces their chances of a favorable outcome. Summary. Positive components of psychological well-being are an important condition for recovery, as modern therapy allows over 60% of cancer patients to survive. Despite the need for psychological support, patients with malignant tumors are characterized by low rates of treatment and a high prevalence of psychological disorders. Violation of psychological well-being contributes to patients’ non-compliance with prescribed treatment, aggravates the course of the disease and increases mortality. Сonclusions. Ensuring psychological well-being can be achieved by improving psychological care for cancer patients through influencing subjective, informational and organizational factors. An ideal strategy for patient management is joint work of psychologists and doctors, especially in communicating a diagnosis to patients, using and improving questionnaires, scales and criteria for assessing the need of cancer patients for psychological care. It is necessary to actively implement digital and mobile healthcare, Internet services, and telemedicine, for obtaining information and communication between patients and doctors and psychologists online, which will improve the positive aspects of psychological well-being.

1. Bayankulov R.I. Psikhologicheskaya pomoshch' onkologicheskim patsientam na raznykh etapakh lecheniya [Psychological assistance to oncological patients at different stages of treatment]. Uchenye zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo instituta psikhologii i sotsial'noi raboty = Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, Vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 105–111. (In Russ.)
2. Bernatskii A.S., Vagaitseva M.V., Demin E.V. et al. Onkopsikhologiya. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei-onkologov i meditsinskikh psikhologov [Oncopsychology. The manual for oncologists and clinical psychologists]. Saint-Petersburg: Lubavich, 2017. 350 p. (In Russ.)
3. Bessonova Yu.V. O strukture psikhologicheskogo blagopoluchiya [On the structure of psychological well-being]. In: Psikhologicheskoe blagopoluchie lichnosti v sovremennom obrazovatel'nom prostranstve: sbornik statei = Psychological well-being of the individual in the modern educational space: collection of articles. Ekaterinburg: Ural State Pedagogical University, 2013. P. 30–35. (In Russ.)
4. Demin E.V., Gnezdilov A.V., Chulkova V.A. Psikhoonkologiya: stanovlenie i perspektivy razvitiya [Psychooncology in the making and perspectives]. Voprosy onkologii, Vol. 57, no.1, pp. 86–91. (In Russ.)
5. Dreneva A.A., Pravednikov A.V., Chistyakova D.P. et al. Spetsifika vzaimodeistviya s patsientami i ikh rodstvennikami kak faktor emotsional'nogo sostoyaniya vrachei-onkologov [The specifics of interaction with patients and their relatives as a factor of emotional condition of oncologists]. Problemy socialnoi gigieni, zdravookhranenia i istorii meditsini = Problems of social hygiene, health care and the history of medicine, Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 608–615. DOI: 10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-608-615 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
6. Esina L.V., Vybornykh D.E., Rasskazova E.I., et al. Predstavleniya o bolezni i priverzhennost' lecheniyu u patsientov s ostrymi leikozami i limfomami [Illness representations and treatment adherence in patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma]. Klinicheskaya i spetsial'naya psikhologiya = Clinical Psychology and Special Education, Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 87–104. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2024130106 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
7. Zhukovskaya L.V., Troshikhina E.G. Shkala psikhologicheskogo blagopoluchiya K. Riff. [C. Riff’s scale of psychological well-being]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal = Psychological Journal, Vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 82–93. (In Russ.)
8. Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Shakhzadova A.O. Sostoyanie onkologicheskoi pomoshchi naseleniyu Rossii v 2022 godu [The state of cancer care for the population of Russia in 2022]. Moscow, 2023. 239 p. (In Russ.)
9. Kiryukhina M.V., Nabiullina R.R., Khasanova A.I. et al. Motivatsionnaya i podderzhivayushchaya psikhoterapiya u zhenshchin posle radikal'nogo lecheniya po povodu raka molochnoi zhelezy [Motivational and supportive psychotherapy in women after radical treatment for breast cancer]. In: N.G. Neznanov (Ed.). XVI s'yezd psikhiatrov Rossii. Vserossiiskaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem “Psikhiatriya na etapakh reform: problemy i perspektivy” = XVI Congress of Psychiatrists of Russia. All-Russian scientific-practical conference with international participation “Psychiatry at the stages of reforms: problems and prospects”. Saint-Petersburg: Alta Astra, 2015. 702–703. (In Russ.)
10. Klyshevich N.Ju. Zhiznestoikost' i koping-strategii u onkologicheski bol'nykh vzroslykh [Hardiness and coping-strategies at the adults with oncological diseases]. In: A.Yu. Malenova (Ed.). “Lichnost' v trudnykh zhiznennykh situatsiyakh: resursy i preodolenie” Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, posvyashchennoi 25-letiyu fakul'teta psikhologii Omskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. F.M. Dostoevskogo = “Personality in difficult life situations: resources and overcoming”. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the Faculty of Psychology of Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky. Omsk: Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky, 2018. P. 342–345. (In Russ.)
11. Kostina N.I., Kropacheva O.S. Psikhologicheskaya pomoshch' patsientam s onkopatologiei i ikh blizkim na etape okazaniya statsionarnoi pomoshchi [Psychological assistance to patients with cancer pathology and their relatives at the stage of inpatient care]. Zlokachestvennye opukholi = Malignant tumours, Vol. 4 (S1). P. 59–63. DOI: 10.18027/2224–5057–2016–4s1-59–63 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
12. Lobanova S.N. Otsenka psikhologicheskogo vliyaniya na reabilitatsiyu onkologicheskikh bol'nykh / kachestvo zhizni patsientov [Assessment of the psychological impact on the rehabilitation of cancer patients / quality of patients life]. In: “Belye nochi 2019”. Materialy V Peterburgskogo Mezhdunarodnogo onkologicheskogo foruma = “White Nights – 2019”. Proceedings of V Saint-Petersburg International Cancer Forum. St-Petersburg: Oncology issues, 2019. P. 431. (In Russ.)
13. Markova M.V., Kuzhel I.R. Sistema mediko-psikhologicheskoi pomoshchi litsam, osushchestvlyayushchim ukhod za inkurabel'nymi onkologicheskimi bol'nymi v usloviyakh palliativnoi meditsiny: obosnovanie, tseli, sredstva [The system of psychological help for careers of terminally ill cancer patients in palliative medicine: justification, goals, means]. Psikhiatriya, psikhoterapiya i klinicheskaya psikhologiya = Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 45–55. (In Russ.)
14. Pakhomova Y.N., Ponomareva I.V., Laguta P.V. Zhiznestoikost' i koping-strategii kak lichnostnye resursy zhenshchin s rakom molochnoi zhelezy [Resilience and coping strategies as personal resources of women with breast cancer]. Traditsii i innovatsii v psikhologii i sotsial'noi rabote. Materialy IV Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii = Traditions and innovations in psychology and social work. Proceedings of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Karachayevsk: Umar Aliev Karachai-Cherkess State University, 2021. Pp. 77–85. (In Russ.)
15. Ponomareva I.V. Kognitivnye ubezhdeniya zhenshchin s terminal'noi stadiei raka molochnoi zhelezy pri razlichnom techenii bolezni [Cognitive beliefs of women with terminal stage breast cancer during different course of the disease]. In: O.Yu. Strizhitskaya, V.I. Prusakov, A.V. Shaboltas (Eds.). Anan'evskie chteniya — 2023. Chelovek v sovremennom mire: potentsialy i perspektivy psikhologii razvitiya. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii = Ananyev Readings — 2023. Man in the modern world: potentials and prospects of developmental psychology. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Moscow: Soyuzknig, Cyrillitsa, 2023. P. 55. (In Russ.)
16. Reverchuk I.V., Glavatskikh M.M., Miklin D.N. Primenenie psikhosemanticheskikh metodov v diagnostike psikhoemotsional'nogo statusa blizhaishikh rodstvennikov onkobol'nykh [The use of psychosomatic techniques in the diagnosis of mental and emotional status of close relatives of cancer patients]. Elektronnyi nauchno-obrazovatel'nyi vestnik “Zdorov'e i Obrazovanie v XXI veke” = Online scientific & educational Bulletin “Health and Education Millennium”, 2018. Vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 52–57. DOI: 10.26787/nydha-2226-7417-2018-20-5-52-57 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
17. Semiglazova T.Yu., Tkachenko G.A., Chulkova V.A. Psikhologicheskie aspekty lecheniya onkologicheskikh bol'nykh [Psychological aspects of treatment of cancer patients]. Zlokachestvennye opukholi = Malignant Tumours, Vol. 4 (S1), pp. 54–58. (In Russ.)
18. Sergienko E.A., Tsiring D.A., Pakhomovaya Ya.N., Ponomareva I.V. Sub'ektivnyi vozrast zhenshchiny s rakom molochnoi zhelezy v sisteme psikhologicheskikh faktorov [Subjective Age of Women with Breast Cancer in the System of Psychological Factors]. Klinicheskaia i spetsial'naia psikhologiia = Clinical Psychology and Special Education, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 67–89. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
19. Sudakov D.V., Nazliev D.K., Belov E.V., Pospelova E.S. Izuchenie psikhoemotsional'nykh aspektov vedeniya bol'nykh s onkopatologiei [Study of psycho-emotional aspects of management of patients with oncopathology]. Prikladnye informatsionnye aspekty meditsiny = Applied Information Aspects of Medicine, Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 53–59. DOI: 10.18499/2070-9277-2020-23-1-53-59 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
20. Tsiring D.A., Vazhenin A.V., Ponomareva I.V., Pakhomova Ya.N. Psikhologicheskie prediktory nesvoevremennogo obrashcheniya bol'nykh rakom predstatel'noi zhelezy za onkologicheskim lecheniem [Psychhological Predictors of Untimely Treatment-Seeking by Prostate Cancer Patients for Oncological Treatment]. Klinicheskaya i spetsial'naya psikhologiya = Clinical Psychology and Special Education, Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 27–46. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2023120402 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
21. Chulkova V.A., Pestereva E.V. Kommunikativnye navyki v rabote vracha-onkologa [Communication skills in oncologist’s work]. Voprosy Onkologii, 2014. Vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 643–646. DOI: 10.37469/0507-3758-2014-60-5-643-646 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
22. Sharova O.N., Vazhenin A.V., Miroshnichenko M.N. Organizatsiya psikhologo-psikhoterapevticheskoi pomoshchi bol'nym s onkopatologiei i v sisteme palliativnoi meditsinskoi pomoshchi [Organization of psychological and psychotherapeutic care for patients with oncopathology and in the palliative care system]. Palliativnaya meditsina i reabilitatsiya = Palliative medicine and rehabilitation, No. 3, p. 54. (In Russ.)
23. Shishkova A.M., Bocharov V.V., Tsygankova E.S., Granovskaya E.A. Posttravmaticheskii rost i svyazannye s nim faktory u rodstvennikov, opekayushchikh bol'nykh onkologicheskimi zabolevaniyami. Sistematicheskii obzor (Soobshchenie 1) [Post-traumatic growth and related factors in relatives caring for cancer patients. Systematic review (Post 1)]. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoi psikhologii im. V.M. Bekhtereva = V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 2023. Vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 20–29. DOI: 10.31363/2313-7053-2023-874 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
24. Yarovaya E.G. K probleme psikhologo-sotsial'nogo soprovozhdeniya onkologicheskikh bol'nykh [To the problems of psychological and social assistance to cancer patients]. Konsul'tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, Vol. 22, pp. 178–196. (In Russ.)
25. Aktaş A., Uğur Ö. The effect of physical and psychological symptoms on spiritual well-being and emotional distress in inpatient cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 2023. Vol. 31, no. 8, p. 473. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07945-7
26. Alnajar M.K., Abdalrahim M.S., Mosleh S.M. et al. The need of patients living with cancer for palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 2023. Vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 236–245. DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2023.29.5.236
27. Appleton L., Poole H., Wall C. Being in safe hands: Patients' perceptions of how cancer services may support psychological well-being. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2018. Vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 1531–1543. DOI: 10.1111/jan.13553.
28. Barreto F.S., Chaves Filho A.J.M., de Araújo M.C.C.R. et al. Tryptophan catabolites along the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway as a biological link between depression and cancer. Behavioural Pharmacology, 2018. Vol. 29, pp. 165–180. DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000384
29. Bergerot C.D., Razavi M., Clark K.L. et al. Emotional problem-related distress screening and its prevalence by cancer type: Assessment by patients' characteristics and level of assistance requested. Psychooncology, 2021. Vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1332–1338. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5685
30. Blasco T., Jovell E., Mirapeix R., Leon C. Patients' desire for psychological support when receiving a cancer diagnostic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 21. Art. 14474. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114474
31. Bortolato B., Hyphantis T.N., Valpione S. et al. Depression in cancer: The many biobehavioral pathways driving tumor progression. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 2017. Vol. 52, pp. 58–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.004
32. Bovero A., Botto R., Mellano E. et al. Loss of personal autonomy and dignity-related distress in end-of-life cancer patients. The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative care, 2024. Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 179–186. DOI: 10.1177/10499091231166373
33. Bradley C., Gamsu D.S. Guidelines for encouraging psychological well-being: Report of a Working Group of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe and International Diabetes Federation European Region St Vincent Declaration Action Programme for Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 1994. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 510–516. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00316.x
34. Brederecke J., Zimmermann T. Psychometric properties of the German version of the Self Image Scale (SIS-D) in a sample of cancer patients. PLoS One, 2020. Vol. 15. e0240619. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240619
35. Burklin Y., Hunt D.P. Management of emotionally challenging responses of hospitalized patients with cancer. Southern Medical Journal, 2018. Vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 268–273. DOI: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000809
36. Chen S.Q., Liu J.E., Zhang Z.X., Li Z. Self-acceptance and associated factors among Chinese women with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2017. Vol. 26, pp. 1516–1523. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13437
37. Chi G. C. The role of hope in patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 2007. Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 415–424. DOI: 10.1188/07.ONF.415-424
38. Cimino T., Said K., Safier L. et al. Psychosocial distress among oncology patients in the safety net. Psychooncology, 2020. Vol. 29 (11), pp. 1927–1935. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5525
39. Clark P.G. Decreasing psychological distress in cancer inpatients using FLEX Care®: a pilot study. Social Work in Health Care, 2010. Vol. 49. № 9, pp. 872–890. DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2010.499826
40. Dawson E.W., Clark K., Obenchain R. et al. Biopsychosocial distress in young adult oncology patients: examining sex differences in sources of high distress and requests for assistance. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 2018. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 367–373. DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0081
41. Dean M., Street R.L.Jr. A 3-stage model of patient-centered communication for addressing cancer patients' emotional distress. Patient Education and Counseling, 2014. Vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 143–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.025
42. Derry H.M., Reid M.C., Prigerson H.G. Advanced cancer patients' understanding of prognostic information: Applying insights from psychological research. Cancer Medicine, 2019. Vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 4081–4088. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2331
43. El-Jawahri A., Greer J.A., Park E.R. et al. Psychological distress in bereaved caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2021. Vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 488–494. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.08.028
44. Elkefi S, Trapani D, Ryan S. The role of digital health in supporting cancer patients' mental health and psychological well-being for a better quality of life: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2023. Vol. 176. Art. 105065. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105065
45. Erdoğan Yüce G., Döner A., Muz G. Psychological distress and its association with unmet needs and symptom burden in outpatient cancer patients: A cross-sectional study. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 2021. Vol. 37, no. 5. Art. 151214. DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151214
46. Goerling U., Albus C., Bergelt C. et al. Predictors of cancer patients' utilization of psychooncological support: Examining patient´s attitude and physician´s recommendation. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2023. Vol. 149, no. 20, pp. 17997–18004. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05507-2
47. Götze H., Friedrich M., Taubenheim S. et al. Depression and anxiety in long-term survivors 5 and 10 years after cancer diagnosis. Support Care Cancer, 2020. Vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 211–220. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04805-1
48. Henson K.E., Brock R., Charnock J. et al. Risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019. Vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 51–60. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
49. Hi Çdurmaz D., Üzar-Özçetin Y.S. “Now I keep my feet on the ground. Earlier, I was arrogant and felt too big for my boots.” Perspectives of people with cancer and oncology nurses on the psychological empowerment process. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 2020. Vol. 49. Art. 101862. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101862
50. Ho S.S.M., Kwong A.N.L., Wan K.W.S. et al. Experiences of aromatherapy massage among adult female cancer patients: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2017. Vol. 26, pp. 4519–4526. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13784
51. Humphris G. Psychological management for head and neck cancer patients: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 2016. Vol. 130 (S2), pp. S45-S48. DOI: 10.1017/S0022215116000426
52. Hung C.T., Chen Y.J., Chan J.C. et al. Psychological distress, social support, self-management ability and utilization of social resources for female patients with cancer in Oncology Outpatient Settings in Taiwan. Supportive Care in Cancer, 2020. Vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3323–3330. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05143-y
53. Kazantzaki E., Kondylakis H., Koumakis L. et al. Psycho-emotional tools for better treatment adherence and therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 2016. Vol. 224, pp. 129–134.
54. Khoshnood Z., Bagherian S., Iranmanesh S. et al. The design and psychometric evaluation of the Supportive-Care Needs Scale (ZOKH-SCNS29) in patients living with cancer. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 2023. Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 159–168. DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2023.29.4.159
55. Kjell O.N.E., Daukantaite D., Hefferon K. et al. The Harmony in life scale complements the satisfaction with life scale: Expanding the conceptualization of the cognitive component of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 2016. Vol. 126, pp. 893–919. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-015-0903-z
56. Koh S.J., Kang K.A., Kim H. et al. Perceptions of the meaning of life among Korean patients with advanced cancer: A mixed-methods study. Palliative & Supportive Care, 2023. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 658–669. DOI: 10.1017/S1478951522000979
57. La Rosa V.L., Garzon S., Gullo G. et al. Fertility preservation in women affected by gynaecological cancer: the importance of an integrated gynaecological and psychological approach. Ecancermedicalscience, 2020. V. 14. Art. 1035. DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1035
58. La Vecchia C., Rota M., Malvezzi M., Negrib E. Potential for improvement in cancer management: reducing mortality in the European Union. Oncologist, 2015. Vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 495–498. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0011
59. Linden W., Vodermaier A., Mackenzie R., Greig D. Anxiety and depression after cancer diagnosis: prevalence rates by cancer type, gender, and age. Journal of Affective Disorder, 2012. Vol. 141, no. 2–3, pp. 343–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.025
60. Liu B., Lee K., Sun C. et al. Systematic review on factors associated with self-perceived burden among cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 2022. Vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 8417–8428. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07129-9
61. Liu X., Sun L., Du X. et al. Reducing anxiety and improving self-acceptance in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma through group drawing art therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2023. Vol. 14. Art. 1166419. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166419
62. Longacre M.L., Ridge J.A., Burtness B.A. et al. Psychological functioning of caregivers for head and neck cancer patients. Oral Oncology, 2012. Vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 18–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.11.012
63. Luo Q., Liu F., Jiang Z., Zhang L. The chain mediating effect of spiritual well-being and anticipatory grief between benefit finding and meaning in life of patients with advanced lung cancer: Empirical research quantitative. Nursing Open, 2024. Vol. 11, no. 7. Art. e2179. DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2179
64. Mackenzie L.J., Carey M.L., Sanson-Fisher R.W. et al. Agreement between HADS classifications and single-item screening questions for anxiety and depression: a cross-sectional survey of cancer patients. Annals of Oncology, 2014. Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 889–895. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu023
65. Matthews T., Baken D., Ross K. et al. The experiences of patients and their family members when receiving bad news about cancer: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Psychooncology, 2019. Vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2286–2294. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5241
66. McMullen M., Lau P.K.H., Taylor S. et al. Factors associated with psychological distress amongst outpatient chemotherapy patients: An analysis of depression, anxiety and stress using the DASS-21. Applied Nursing Research, 2018. Vol. 40, pp. 45–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.12.002
67. Merlin N.M., Anggorowati, Ropyanto C.B. The effects of quantum psychological relaxation technique on self-acceptance in patients with breast cancer. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, 2019. Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 232–236. DOI: 10.5737/23688076294232236
68. Mosher C.E., Jaynes H.A., Hanna N., Ostroff J.S. Distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients: an examination of psychosocial and practical challenges. Supportive Care in Cancer, 2013. Vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 431–437. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1532-6
69. Ng W., Baik S.H., Razavi M. et al. Differences of biopsychosocial distress and requests for psychological assistance between Asian American and non-Hispanic White oncology patients. Psychooncology, 2023. Vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1660–1666. DOI: 10.1002/pon.6214
70. Pinquart M., Duberstein P.R. Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. Psychological medicine, 2010. Vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1797–1810. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291709992285
71. Pontin E., Schwannauer M., Tai S., Kinderman P. A UK validation of a general measure of subjective well-being: the modified BBC subjective well-being scale (BBC-SWB). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2013. Vol.11, p. 150. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-150
72. Rosenberg A.R., Bradford M.C., Junkins C.C. et al. Effect of the Promoting Resilience in Stress Management Intervention for Parents of children with cancer (PRISM-P): A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 2019. Vol. 2, no. 9. Art. e1911578. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11578
73. Ryan H., Schofield P., Cockburn J. et al. How to recognize and manage psychological distress in cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care, 2005. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 7–15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2005.00482.x
74. Schellekens M.P., van den Hurk D.G., Prins J.B. et al. Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness-based stress Reduction with treatment as usual in reducing psychological distress in patients with lung cancer and their partners: the MILON study. BMC Cancer, 2014. Vol. 14, p. 3. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-3
75. Schiel R.O., Brechtel A., Hartmann M. et al. Multidisciplinary health care needs of psychologically distressed cancer patients in a comprehensive cancer center. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 2014. Vol. 139, pp. 587–591. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1369856 (In German)
76. Seifart U., Schmielau J. Return to work of cancer survivors. Oncology Research and Treatment, 2017. Vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 760–763. DOI: 10.1159/000485079
77. Seligman M.E. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-Being. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012. 349 p.
78. Shickh S., Leventakos K., Lewis M.A. et al. Shared decision making in the care of patients with cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 2023. Vol. 43. Art. e389516. DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_389516
79. Sotelo J.L., Musselman D., Nemeroff C. The biology of depression in cancer and the relationship between depression and cancer progression. International Review of Psychiatry, 2014. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 16–30. DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.875891
80. Tang P.L., Wang H.H., Chou F.H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of demoralization and depression in patients with cancer. Psychosomatics, 2015. Vol. 56, pp. 634–643. DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2015.06.005
81. Tang S.T., Chang W.C., Chen J.S. et al. Associations of prognostic awareness/acceptance with psychological distress, existential suffering, and quality of life in terminally ill cancer patients' last year of life. Psychooncology, 2016. Vol. 25, pp. 455–462. DOI: 10.1002/pon.3943
82. Thiessen M., Sinclair S., Tang P.A., Raffin Bouchal S. Information access and use by patients with cancer and their friends and family: Development of a grounded theory. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2020. Vol. 22, no. 10. Art. e20510. DOI: 10.2196/20510
83. Ullrich A., Ascherfeld L., Marx G. et al. Quality of life, psychological burden, needs, and satisfaction during specialized inpatient palliative care in family caregivers of advanced cancer patients. BMC Palliative Care, 2017. Vol. 16, pp. 31. DOI: 10.1186/s12904-017-0206-z
84. von Heymann-Horan A.B., Puggaard L.B., Nissen K.G. et al. Dyadic psychological intervention for patients with cancer and caregivers in home-based specialized palliative care: The Domus model. Palliative & Supportive Care, 2018. Vol. 16, pp. 189–197. DOI: 10.1017/S1478951517000141
85. Walker J., Mulick A., Magill N. et al. Major depression and survival in people with cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021. Vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 410–416. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000942
86. Wang F., Gao Y., Han Z. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality. Nature Human Behaviour, 2023. Vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1307–1319. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01617-6
87. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988. Vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1063–1070. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
88. Yeh M.L., Chung Y.C., Hsu M.Y., Hsu C.C. Quantifying psychological distress among cancer patients in interventions and scales: A systematic review. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 2014. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 399. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-013-0399-7
89. Yeh S.J., Wang W.C., Yu H.C. et al. Relationship between using cancer resource center services and patient outcomes. Supportive Care in Cancer, 2023. Vol. 31, pp. 706. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08169-5
90. Zhang A., Hu R., Wang K., Antalis E.P. Age moderates the association between psychological distress and engagement in mindfulness among cancer patients and survivors: A population-based study. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2020. Vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 513–526. DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2020.1764158
91. Zwahlen D., Tondorf T., Rothschild S. et al. Understanding why cancer patients accept or turn down psycho-oncological support: a prospective observational study including patients' and clinicians' perspectives on communication about distress. BMC Cancer, 2017. Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 385. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3362-x