Gender Intensification in Adolescence (Review of Foreign Research)

The article is devoted to analysis of the views of Western writers on gender identity development in adolescence. It provides an overview of the studies based on the assumption of a possible strengthening of the social environment pressure on teenagers that leads to the intensification of gender identity, i.e., more pronounced expression of masculine behavior in boys and feminine behavior in girls.

1.                Kagan V.E. Polovye aspekty individual'nosti [Gender aspects of personality]. Voprosy psikhologii, 1987. No. 2, pp. 54–61. (In Russ.).

2.                Dusek I., Flaherty I. The development of the self-concept during the adolescent years. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 1981. Vol. 46, pp. 1–70.

3.                Feiring C. Gender identity and the development of romantic relationships in adolescence. The development of romantic relationships in adolescence. Furman W., Brown B.B., Feiring C. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. 125–147.

4.                Galambos N.L., Almeida D.M., Petersen A.C. Masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescence: exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 1990. Vol. 61, pp. 1905–1914.

5.                Gender development research in sex roles: Historical trends and future directions. Zosuls K., Miller C., Ruble D., Martin C., Fabes R. Sex Roles, 2011. Vol. 64, pp. 826–842.

6.                Hill J.P., Lynch M.E. The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives, Brooks-Gunn J., Petersen A.C. New York: Plenum, 1983, pp. 201–228.

7.                Katz P.A., Ksansnak K.R. Developmental aspects of gender role flexibility and traditionality in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmantal Psychology, 1994. Vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 272–282.

8.                Lindberg S.M. Gender-role identity development during adolescence: Individual, familial, and social contextual predictors of gender intensification. Doctoral Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.: The University of Wisconsinб Madison, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2008.

9.                Lobel T., Nov-Krispin N. Gender Discriminatory Behavior During Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Developmental Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2004. Vol. 33, no 6, pp. 535–546.

10.           Reene K.J. Gender intensification in adolescence: a study of cognitive and heterosocial factors. Doctoral Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.: Temple University, 1994.

11.           Rosenberg F.R., Simmons R.G. Sex differences in the self-concept during adolescence. Sex Roles, 1975. Vol. 1, pp. 147–160.

12.           Savin-Williams R.C. Dominance hierarchies in groups of early adolescents. Child Development, 1979. Vol. 50, pp. 923–935.

13.           Slovic P. Risk taking in children: Age and sex differences. Child Development, 1966. Vol. 37, pp. 169–176.

14.           Stein A.H., Smithells I. Age and sex differences in children's sex role standards about achievement.  Developmental Psychology, 1969. Vol. 1, pp. 252–259.

15.           The development of gender attitude traditionality across middle childhood and adolescence. Crouter A.C., Whiteman S.D., McHale S.M., Osgood W.D. Child Development, 2007. Vol. 78, pp. 911–926.

16.           Watterson E.S. Evaluative reactions to gender stereotype violations: A test of the gender intensification hypothesis. Doctoral Ph. D. (Psychology) diss. Saint Louis University, 2012.