Children's interaction with digital devices: an overview of research and recommendations

The article presents an overview of current research and recommendations on the organization of children's interaction with digital devices. The problems associated with the role of parents as intermediaries between children and digital devices have led to a number of studies of parental strategies and, resulting from them, studies of the regulation of screen time, issues of digital education, the impact on children's behavior in the process of interacting with digital content. The main results of these studies are the basis for the recommendations of national organizations responsible for the health and development of children. The presented recommendations emphasize the limited potential of digital technologies for the development of young children (up to two years old) and the danger of redistributing children's free time in favor of interacting with gadgets compared to other activities, the importance of parents as intermediaries in the use of technology by children and the need to develop family rules for the use of digital devices. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that due to the intensive development of digital technologies and the rapidly changing situation of children's access to them, today, first of all, there is a process of accumulation of empirical data and identification of the most effective forms and ways of organizing the interaction of children of early and preschool age with digital devices.

1. Гигиенические нормативы и специальные требования к устройству, содержанию и режимам работы в условиях цифровой образовательной среды в сфере общего образования [Электронный ресурс] / В.Р. Кучма, А.С. Седова, М.И. Степанова [и др.]. М.: НМИЦ здоровья детей Минздрава России, 2020. 20 с. URL: https://mosmetod.ru/files/Doshkolniki/ZOS_21.07.2020.pdf (дата обращения: 09.11.2023).
2. Денисенкова Н.С., Тарунтаев П.И. Роль взрослого в использовании ребенком цифровых устройств // Современная зарубежная психология. 2022. Том 11. № 2. С. 59—67. DOI:10.17759/jmfp.2022110205
3. Доступность цифровых устройств детям дошкольного возраста: различия в родительских позициях / Е.Е. Клопотова, С.Ю. Смирнова, О.В. Рубцова, М.Г. Сорокова // Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2022. Том 30. № 2. С. 109—125. DOI:10.17759/cpp.2022300207
4. Рубцова О.В. Цифровые технологии как новое средство опосредования (Часть первая) // Культурно-историческая психология. 2019. Том 15. № 3. С. 117—124. DOI:10.17759/chp.2019150312
5. Смирнова Е.О., Смирнова С.Ю., Шеина Е.Г. Родительские стратегии в использовании детьми цифровых технологий // Современная зарубежная психология. 2019. Том 8. № 4. С. 79—87. DOI:10.17759/jmfp.2019080408
6. Benedetto L., Ingrassia M. Digital parenting: Raising and protecting children in media world // Parenting: Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective / Eds. L. Benedetto, M. Ingrassia. Norderstedt: BoD — Books on Demand, 2021. P. 127—144. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.92579
7. Beyens I., Valkenburg P., Piotrowski J. Developmental Trajectories of Parental Mediation across Early and Middle Childhood // Human Communication Research. 2019. Vol. 45. № 2. P. 226—250. DOI:10.1093/hcr/hgy016
8. Colvert A. The Kaleidoscope of Play in a Digital World: A Literature Review [Электронный ресурс]. [London]: 5Rights Foundation, 2021. 69 p. // Digital Futures Commission: Information in the interests of children and young people. URL: https://digitalfuturescommission.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/DFC-Digital-Play-Literature-Review.pdf (дата обращения: 09.11.2023).
9. For infants, toddlers and preschoolers (birth to 5 years) [Электронный ресурс] // Physical activity and exercise guidelines for all Australians / Australian Government: Department of Health. Canberra, 2021. URL: https://www.health.gov.au/topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians/for-infants-toddlers-and-preschoolers-birth-to-5-years?utm_source=health.gov.au&utm_medium=callout-auto-custom&utm_campaign=digital_transformation (дата обращения: 15.11.2023).
10. Garrison M., Christakis D. The impact of a healthy media use intervention on sleep in preschool children // Pediatric. 2012. Vol. 130. № 3. P. 492—499. DOI:10.1542/peds.2011-3153
11. Gözüm A. C., Kandır A. Developing a parental mediation scale of digital games for children [Электронный ресурс] // International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction. 2020. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 336—358. URL: https://ijci.globets.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/420/196 (дата обращения: 03.11.2023).
12. Grané M. Mediación digital parental. ¿Es necesaria una educación digital en la primera infancia? // Edutec: Revista Electrónica De Tecnología Educativa. 2021. Vol. 76. P. 7—21. DOI:21556/edutec.2021.76.2037
13. Gray C., Palaiologou I. Early Learning in the Digital Age. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2019. 248 p.
14. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for children under 5 years of age [Электронный ресурс] / World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. 36 p. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541170/ (дата обращения: 09.11.2023).
15. Hale L., Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review // Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2015. Vol. 21. P. 50—58. DOI:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007
16. Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents / D.A. Gentile, K. Bailey, D. Bavelier [at al.] // Pediatrics. 2017. Vol. 140. Suppl. 2. P. S81—S85. DOI:10.1542/peds.2016-1758H
17. Konca A. Digital Technology Usage of Young Children: Screen Time and Families // Early Childhood Education Journal. 2022. Vol. 50. № 7. P. 1097—1108. DOI:10.1007/s10643-021-01245-7
18. Koran N., Berkmen B., Adalier A. Mobile technology usage in early childhood: PreCOVID-19 and the national lockdown period in North Cyprus // Education and Information Technologies. 2022. Vol. 27. P. 321—346. DOI:10.1007/s10639-021-10658-1
19. Kumpulainen K., Sairanen H., Nordström A. Young children’s digital literacy practices in the sociocultural contexts of their homes // Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. 2020. Vol. 20. № 3. P. 472—499. DOI:10.1177/1468798420925116
20. L’enfant, l’adolescent, la famille et les écrans. Appel a une vigilance raisonnée sur les technologies numériques: Rapport 19-04 / J. Adès, Y. Agid, J.-F. Bach [et al.] // Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine. 2019. Vol. 203. № 6. P. 381—393. DOI:10.1016/j.banm.2019.06.004
21. Las madres y los padres en la convergencia mediática: competencias, mediación, oportunidades y riesgos online / M. Garmendia, G. Martínez, N. Larrañaga, E. Jiménez, I. Karrera, M.A. Casado, C. Garitaonandia. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 2020. 91 p.
22. Limone P., Simone M. Childhood, Education and Digital Media Mediation Strategies // International Journal of Education. 2020. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 86—94. DOI:10.5296/ije.v12i2.17302
23. Livingstone S., Blum-Ross A. Parenting for a digital future: How hopes and fears about technology shape children’s lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. 274 p. DOI:10.1093/oso/9780190874698.001.0001
24. Livingstone S., Pothong K. Beyond screen time: rethinking children’s play in a digital world // Journal of Health Visiting. 2022. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 32—38. DOI:10.12968/johv.2022.10.1.32
25. Ludwig K., Rauch W.A. Associations between physical activity, positive affect, and self-regulation during preschoolers’ everyday lives // Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2018. Vol. 15. P. 63—70. DOI:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.07.002
26. Mazmanian M., Lanette S. "Okay, One More Episode": An Ethnography of Parenting in the Digital Age // CSCW 17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing: Portland Oregon, 25 February—1 March 2017 / Eds. C.P. Lee, S. Poltrock. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2017. P. 2273—2286. DOI:10.1145/2998181.2998218
27. Media and Young Minds. Council on Communications and Media / American Academy of Pediatrics // Pediatrics. 2016. Vol. 138. № 5. Article ID e20162591. P. 2016—2591. DOI:10.1542/peds.2016-2591
28. Net Children Go Mobile: Riesgos y oportunidades en internet y el uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010—2015) [Электронный ресурс] / M. Garmendia, E. Jiménez, M.A. Casado, G. Mascheroni. Madrid, 2016. 111 p. // NetChildrenGoMobile.eu.     URL: https://netchildrengomobile.eu/ncgm/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Net-Children-Go-Mobile-Spain.pdf (дата обращения: 09.11.2023).
29. Nikken P., Haan J. Guiding young children’s internet use at home: Problems that parents experience in their parental mediation and the need for parenting support // Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 2015. Vol. 9. № 1. Article 3. 14 p. DOI:10.5817/CP2015-1-3
30. Piotrowski J.T. The Parental Media Mediation Context of Young Children’s Media Use // Media Exposure During Infancy and Early Childhood: the Effects of Content and Context on Learning and Development / Eds. R. Barr, D. Linebarger. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2017. P. 205—219. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-45102-2_13
31. Radesky J.S., Schumacher J., Zuckerman B. Mobile and interactive media use by young children: The good, the bad, and the unknown // Pediatrics. 2015. Vol. 135. № 1. P. 1—3. DOI:10.1542/ped.2014-2251
32. Rationale, Design and Methods Protocol for Participatory Design of an Online Tool to Support Industry Service Provision Regarding Digital Technology Use ‘with, by and for’ Young Children / S. Edwards, A. Nolan, M. Henderson, S. Grieshaber, K. Highfield, A. Salamon, H. Skouteris, L. Straker // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020. Vol. 17. № 23. Article ID 8819. 12 p. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17238819
33. Rules of Engagement: Family Rules on Young Children’s Access to and Use of Technologies / S. Chaudron, J. Marsh, V.D. Navarette [et al.] // Digital Childhoods Technologies and Children’s Everyday Lives / Eds. S.J. Danby, M. Fleer, C. Davidson, M. Hatzigianni. Luxembourg: Springer, 2018. Vol. 22. P. 131—145. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-6484-5_9
34. Screen time and young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world / Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Health Task Force // Paediatrics & Child Health. 2017. Vol. 22. № 8. P. 461—468. DOI:10.1093/pch/pxx123
35. Screen Time Leaflet [Электронный ресурс] // NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. 2020. URL: https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/kids/resources/slt-activityinformation-sheets/screen-time-leaflet/ (дата обращения: 09.11.2023).
36. Screen time tantrums: How families manage screen media experiences for toddlers and preschoolers / A. Hiniker, H. Suh, S. Cao, J. Kientz // Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, May 2016) / Eds. J. Kaye, A. Druin. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2016. P. 648—660. DOI:10.1145/2858036.2858278
37. Young children’s initiation into family literacy practices in the digital age / J. Marsh, P. Hannon, M. Lewis, L. Ritchie // Journal of Early Childhood Research. 2017. Vol. 15. P. 47—60. DOI:10.1177/1476718X15582095