The Old Testament’s Hebraic Roots in the Avar-Andi-Tsez Languages of Dagestan

Throughout the history of their development, the Caucasian languages encountered many other languages, all of which left their traces, through which also genetic and areal connections can be traced. Persian, Arabic, Georgian, Russian, Turkic borrowings have been subjects to detailed studies, but the earlier period of language contact has generally not been covered. This study is devoted to the search for traces of Hebrew vocabulary in the Avar-Andi-Tsez languages of northern Dagestan on the basis of comparative historical, etymological and descriptive methods of linguistic analysis.

1. Abakarova A.U. Lektsiya: «Istoriya seleniya Muni Botlikhskogo raiona Respubliki Dagestan». 2018 (In Russ.).
2. Agarunov A. Evrei Dagestana — Istoriya i Sovremennost' // Vsemirnyi Kongress Gorskikh Evreev. 2009 (In Russ.).
3. Aglarov M.A. Andiitsy: Istoriko-etnograficheskoe issledovanie. 2002. Makhachkala: Publ. «Yupiter». 304 p. (In Russ.).
4. Alekseev M.E., Azaev Kh.G. Botlikhsko-russkii slovar'. 2019. Moscow: Academia. 560 p. (In Russ.).
5. Alikberov A.K. Rannie khazary (do 652/3 g.), tyurki i Khazarskii kaganat // Khazary: mif i istoriya / Nosenko-Shtein E.E., Petrukhin V.Ya. (red.-sost.). 2010. Moscow: Mosty kul'tury; Ierusalim: Gesharim, pp. 42-65 (In Russ.).
6. Ben Buyaa Sh. Kodeks Aleppo // Tanakh / pod red. Mordekhaya Broera. 1977-1982 (In Russ.).
7. Ben-Yakov B., Kholmyanskii M. Novyi slovar' russko-ivritskii, ivrit — russkii. 1992. Ierusalim: Publ. Sh. Zak. 913 p. (In Russ.).
8. Bibliya, ili knigi Svyashchennogo Pisaniya Vetkhogo i Novogo Zaveta v russkom perevode. Saint Petersburg. 1876 (In Russ.).
9. David I. Istoriya evreev na Kavkaze. 1989. Tel'-Aviv: Kavkasioni. 1406 p. (In Russ.).
10. Dadashev M. Russko-tatskii (gorsko-evreiskii) slovar'. 2006. Moscow: Sobranie. 295 p. (In Russ.).
11. Ibragimov G.Kh. Khristianstvo u tsakhurov (iikiitsev-albantsev) // Al'fa i Omega. 1999. № 1 (19). Moscow, pp. 170-181.
12. Isakov I.A., Khalilov M.Sh. Gunzibsko-russkii slovar' // Pod red. Bezdidko A.V. 2001. Moscow: Nauka. 286 p. (In Russ.).
13. Komri B., Khalilov M. Slovar' yazykov i dialektov narodov Severnogo Kavkaza: Sopostavlenie osnovnoi leksiki // Yazyki i dialekty narodov Dagestana, Ingushetii, Severnoi Osetii-Alanii i Chechni, a takzhe nakhsko-dagestanskikh narodov Azerbaidzhana i Gruzii. 2010. Leiptsig-Makhachkala: Institut evolyutsionnoi antropologii im. Maksa Planka. 901 p. (In Russ.).
14. Magomedova P.T. Tindinsko-russkii slovar'. 2003. Makhachkala: DNTs RAN. 616 p. (In Russ.).
15. Magomedova P.T. Chamalinsko-russkii slovar'. 1999. Makhachkala: Institut yazyka, literatury i iskusstva im. G. Tsadasy Dagestanskogo nauchnogo tsentra DNTs RAN. 437 p. (In Russ.).
16. Magomedova P.T., Abdulaeva I.A. Akhvakhsko-russkii slovar'. 2007. Makhachkala: Institut yazyka, literatury i iskusstva im. G. Tsadasy Dagestanskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN. 727 p. (In Russ.).
17. Manoakh B.B. Plenniki Salmanasara (Iz istorii evreev Vostochnogo Kavkaza). 1984. Ierusalim. 160 p. (In Russ.).
18. Miller V.F. Materialy dlya izucheniya evreisko-tatskogo yazyka. Vvedenie, teksty i slovar'. 1892. Sankt-Peterburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya Nauk. 92 p. (In Russ.).
19. Miller V.F. O semitskom elemente v tatskom narechii gorskikh evreev // Drevnosti vostochnye. Trudy Vostochnoi komissii Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva. Tom 2. Vyp. 3. 1903. Moscow, pp. 160-168 (In Russ.).
20. Miller V.F. Ocherk fonetiki evreisko-tatskogo narechiya — Tatskie etyudy. Vyp. 3. 1900. Moscow: Lazarevskii institut vostochnykh yazykov. 31 p. (In Russ.).
21. Saidova P.A. Godoberinsko-russkii slovar'. 2006. Makhachkala: Publ. RAN. 458 p. (In Russ.).
22. Semenov I.G. Metamorfozy epiteta «evreiskii» v dagestanskikh predaniyakh [Elektronnyi resurs] // Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. 2009. Available at: https://naukarus.com/metamorfozy-epiteta-evreyskiy-v-dagestanskih-predaniyah (Accessed: 15.02.2023) (In Russ.).
23. Starostin S.A. North Caucasian etymology [Elektronnyi resurs] // STARLING — lingvisticheskaya baza. 1998-2003. Available at: https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\cauc\caucet (Accessed: 15.02.2023) (In Russ.).
24. Khalilov M.Sh., Isakov I.A. Ginukhsko-russkii slovar'. 2005. Makhachkala: DNTs RAN. 617 p. (In Russ.).
25. Chernyi I. Gorskie evrei Terskoi oblasti. Kratkie istoricheskie svedeniya // Kavkazskie evrei-gortsy (sbornik) / V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf. 2017 (In Russ.).
26. Shilling E.M. Malye narody Dagestana. 1993. Moscow: IEA RAN. 277 p. (In Russ.).
27. Ben-Oren G. וולף מוסקוביץ. “מאפייני לשון-הדיבור של יהודי גרוזיה [Peculiarities of Georgian Jewish colloquial language] // Pe’amim: Studies in Oriental Jewry. 1987. № 31, pp. 95-119.
28. CAL — Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon [Elektronnyi resurs] / Edited by: J.S. Fitzmyer, S.A. Kaufman, M. Sokoloff // Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project. 2021. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College — Jewish Institute of Religion HUC-JIR. Available at: http://cal.huc.edu/index.html (Accessed: 15.02.2023)
29. Jastrow M. Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature. 1903. London: Luzac & Co.; New York: G.P. Putnam’s sons. 1736 p.
30. Klein E.A. Comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Hebrew language for readers of English // The University of Haifa. 1987. Jerusalem: Carta. 721 p.
31. Tal A. Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic. 2000. Brill: Boston- Köln. 1072 p.