Adaptation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in an Azerbaijani sample and its psychometric associations with distress, academic satisfaction, and subjective well-being

 
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Abstract

Context and relevance. In the modern world, smartphones have become an integral part of adolescents’ lives; however, their excessive use may negatively affect psychological well-being, social adaptation, and academic performance. At the same time, adequate assessment of this phenomenon is impossible without psychometrically sound instruments adapted to a specific cultural context, and it is precisely in this area that a noticeable gap is observed in most post-Soviet studies. Objective. To adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the English-language Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) for adolescents in Azerbaijan, as well as to examine its relationship with psychological distress, academic satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Rationale for variable selection. Previous studies have shown that the severity of smartphone addiction is associated with higher levels of psychological distress, lower academic satisfaction, and poorer subjective well-being among adolescents (Elhai et al., 2017; Kwon et al., 2013; Lachmann et al., 2018). These indicators reflect emotional and motivational aspects of functioning that are most sensitive to manifestations of addictive behavior in everyday life. Hypothesis. It was hypothesized that the Azerbaijani adaptation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) would demonstrate strong psychometric properties and correspond to a one-factor structure. Smartphone addiction was expected to correlate positively with psychological distress and negatively with subjective well-being and academic satisfaction. Methods and materials. The study involved 470 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years (M = 13,51; SD = 2,15) residing in Azerbaijan. Results. The Azerbaijani version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, confirming its applicability for assessing smartphone addiction among adolescents in this cultural context. Conclusions. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) can be considered a reliable instrument for assessing smartphone addiction in the adolescent population of Azerbaijan. Further research should examine in greater detail the impact of smartphone use on adolescents’ psychological well-being and social behavior.

General Information

Keywords: smartphone addiction, psychological distress, high school satisfaction, subjective well-being, scale adaptation

Journal rubric: Interdisciplinary Researches

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2026310316

Supplemental data. The dataset obtained during the current study can be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Received 28.01.2025

Revised 19.05.2026

Accepted

Published

For citation: Aliyev, B., Zalova-Nuriyeva, U., Abbasova, S., Asgerova, N., Mammadova, R., Yunis, M., Nasibova, E., Rustamov, E. (2026). Adaptation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in an Azerbaijani sample and its psychometric associations with distress, academic satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Psychological Science and Education, 31(3), 220–232. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2026310316

© Aliyev B., Zalova-Nuriyeva U., Abbasova S., Asgerova N., Mammadova R., Yunis M., Nasibova E., Rustamov E., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

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Information About the Authors

Bakhtiyar Aliyev, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0722-7254, e-mail: bakhtiyar.a@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Ulkar Zalova-Nuriyeva, Head of the Personality Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-2007, e-mail: ulkar.z@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Sevil Abbasova, Head of the Child and Developmental Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0957-1563, e-mail: sevil.a@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Nigar Asgerova, Head of the Department of Continuing Education and Innovations, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0468-1214, e-mail: nigar.a@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Rahila Mammadova, Laboratory Assistant, Personality Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4050-1944, e-mail: rahila.m@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Mahizar Yunis, Junior Researcher, Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5374-8987, e-mail: mahizar.y@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Emilya Nasibova, Junior Researcher, Social Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7482-5499, e-mail: emilya.n@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Elnur Rustamov, PhD, Chairman, Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3241-1707, e-mail: elnur.r@psixologiyainstitutu.az

Contribution of the authors

Bakhtiyar Aliyev — research conception and design; supervision of the study; contribution to the interpretation of findings; approval of the final manuscript.

Ulkar Zalova-Nuriyeva — statistical analysis; contribution to research design; interpretation of the results; preparation and finalization of the manuscript; drafting and revision of the final version of the manuscript.

Sevil Abbasova — contribution to study design; coordination of data collection; contribution to statistical analyses; revision of the manuscript and critical review of the final version.

Nigar Asgerova — preparation of the draft version of the manuscript; assistance in data collection; contribution to the preparation of research materials.

Rahila Mammadova — assistance in data collection and data processing; support in preparing research materials; contribution to manuscript preparation.

Mahizar Yunis — data collection; participation in interpretation of the results; contribution to manuscript writing.

Emilia Nasibova — data collection; participation in interpretation of the results; contribution to manuscript writing.

Elnur Rustamov — overall supervision of the project; coordination of research activities; contribution to interpretation of the findings; approval of the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. In line with these principles, official approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Scientific Research Institute of Psychology in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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