A Pilot Study of Experience of Gender-Based Violence by Girls with Mental Disorders

Being highly subjective and hard to diagnose, the phenomenon of experiencing of gender-based violence remains insufficiently understood. Finding the nature of such experience in victims with mental disorders appears to be of particular relevance and was chosen as the subject of this research work. It was hypothesized that experience of gender-based violence reflects the negative subjective significance of what happened and is more dramatic in girls with mental health problems than in girls who are mentally healthy. 15 girls with non-psychotic disorders (G.Ye. Sukhareva Center of Mental Health) and 8 mentally healthy girls aged 15-17 have been examined. The following methodologies were used: the Line of Life; Identifying Situations of Gender-Related Violence; Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. It has been established that experiencing gender-based violence by girls with mental disorders is distinguished by increased subjective actuality, acuteness, attainability of spontaneous verbalization and other characteristics. The practical relevance of the data obtained is determined by their applicability in the psychological rehabilitation of mentally diseased girls who have faced gender-based violence.

1. Andronnikova O.O., Veterok E.V. Gendernye kharakteristiki viktimnogo povedeniya kak rezultat narusheniya socialnogo razvitiya [Gender characteristics of victim behavior as a result of impaired social development]. Psikhologicheskie nauki [Psychological Sciences], 2017, no. 3(57), pp. 111—113. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
2. Arakelyan K.N. Opyt perezhitogo nasiliya i sklonnost k viktimnomu povedeniy u podrostkov: gendernyj aspekt [Violence experience and propensity for victimized behavior in adolescents: gender dimension]. Vestnik SPbGU [Bulletin of SPbSU], 2014, no. 4, pp. 58—65. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
3. Badmaeva V.D. Posledstviya seksualnogo nasiliya u detej i podrostkov [Consequences of sexual abuse in children and adolescents]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. C.C. Korsakova [S.S. Korsakov’s magazine of neurology and psychiatry], 2009. Vol. 109, no. 12, pp. 34—37. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
4. Bovina I.B., Dvoryanchikov N.V., Gutnik A.D., Rikel A.M. Osobennosti socialnykh predstavlenij o seksualnom nasilii: “ManyaK” i “ZhertvA” glazami molodykh muzhchin i zhenschin  [Elektronnyi resurs] [Features of social perceptions of sexual violence]. Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie issledovaniya [Psychological and pedagogical research], 2011, no. 1, pp. 1—14. URL:  http://psyjournals.ru/psyedu_ru/2011/n1/39930.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
5. Vasilyuk F.E. Psikhologiya perezhivaniya [The psychology of experiencing]. Moscow: Publ. MGU, 1984. 79 p.
6. Vaske E.V. Analiz emocionalnogo reagirovaniya nesovershennoletnikh poterpevshikh v situaciyakh prolongirovannoj incestualnoj svyazi [Analysis of the emotional response of juvenile victims in situations of prolonged incestuous communication]. Rossijskij psikhologicheskij zhurnal [Russian magazine of psychology], 2009. Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 42—48. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.) .
7. Vaske E.V. Psikhologicheskie mekhanizmy perezhivaniya seksualnogo nasiliya maloletnimi zhertvami incesta [Psychological mechanisms of the experience of sexual abuse by young victims of incest]. Prikladnaya yuridicheskaya psikhologiya [Appled legal psychology], 2015, no. 1, pp. 66—76. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
8. Veresov N.N. Perezhivanie kak psikhologicheskij fenomen i teoreticheskoe ponyatie: utochnyayuschie voprosy i metodologicheskie meditacii [Perezhivanie as a phenomenon and a concept: questions on clarification and methodological meditations]. Kulturno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya [Cultural-historical psychology], 2016. Vol. 12, no 3, pp. 129—148. (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
9. Volodina Yu.A, Matyash N.V., Yushkova N.M. Vliyanie stressa i krizisnykh situacij na razvitie detej-sirot [Impact of stress and crisis situations on the development of orphans]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya [Modern problems of science and education], 2014, no. 6, pp. 1538—1538. (In Russ).
10. Darenskikh S.S. Semejnoe nasilie v otnoshenii zhenschin [Domestic violence against women]. Izvestiya Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Proceedings of the Altai state university], 2013, pp. 52—54. (In Russ).
11. Dvoryanchikov N.V., Makarova T.E. Polovozrastnaya identichnost u lic, sovershivshikh seksualnye nasilstvennye dejstviya v otnoshenii detej [Elektronnyi resurs] [Gender and age identity among perpetrators of sexual violence against children]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2013, no. 3, pp. 1—9. URL:   http://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2013/n3/63799.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
12. Dvoryanchikov, N.V., Gutnik A.D. Socialnye predstavleniya o seksualnom nasilii nad detmi [Elektronnyi resurs] [Social perceptions of child sexual abuse]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2012, no. 2, pp. 100—110. URL: http://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2012/n2/52075.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
13. Demidova L.Yu., Sheryagina E.V. Vozmozhnosti i perspektivy izucheniya empatii u lic s anomaliyami seksualnogo vlecheniya [Elektronnyi resurs] [Opportunities and prospects for studying empathy in persons with sexual desire abnormalities]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2013, no. 3, pp. 1—18. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2013/n3/63784.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
14. Demidova L.Yu. Rol ponimaniya emocionalnykh sostoyanij v regulyacii kriminalnykh dejstvij seksualnogo kharaktera, napravlennykh protiv detej. Avtopef. diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [The role of understanding emotional states in the regulation of criminal acts of a sexual nature directed against children. Ph.D. (Psychology) Thesis]. Moscow, 2017. 25 p.
15. Ekimova V.I., Luchnikova E.P. Kompleksnaya psikhologicheskaya travma kak posledstvie ekstremalnogo stressa [Elektronnyj resurs] [Complex psychological trauma as a consequence of extreme stress]. Sovremennaya zarubezhnaya psikhologiya [Modern foreign psychology], 2020. Vol 9, no. 1, pp. 50—61. (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
16. Enikolopov S.N., Khvostova E.S. Socialno-psikhologicheskie predstavleniya o seksualnom nasilii v seme [Elektronnyi resurs] [Socio-psychological concepts of sexual violence in the family]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2011, no. 1, pp. 1—12. URL: http://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2011/n1/39333.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
17. Zejgarnik B.V. Patopsikhologiya [Pathopsychology]. Moscow: Publ. MGU, 1986. 287 p.
18. Izotova E.I., Marcinkovskaya T.D. Problema perezhivaniya v koncepciyakh Vygotskogo i Teplova: sovremennyj kontekst [The problem of experience in the concepts of Vygotsky and Teplov: modern context]. Kulturno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya [Cultural-historical psychology], 2016. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 4—11. (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
19. Ilin E.P. Nasilie kak psikhologicheskij fenomen [Violence as a psychological phenomenon]. Universum: Vestnik Gercenovskogo universiteta [Universum: Proceeding of the Ghercen’s university], 2013, no. 1, pp. 167—174. (In Russ).
20. Ilina S.V. Emocionalnyj opyt nasiliya i pogranichnaya lichnostnaya organizaciya pri rasstrojstvakh lichnosti. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Emotional experience of violence and border personal organization with personality disorders. Ph. D. (Psychology) diss.]. Moscow, 2000. 241 p.
21. Iovchuk N.M., Severnyj A.A., Morozova N.B. Detskaya socialnaya psikhiatriya dlya nepsikhiatrov [Children's social psychiatry for not psychiatrists]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2006. 412 p. (In Russ).
22. Kachaeva M.A., Dozorceva E.G., Nuckova E.V. Otsrochennye posledstviya perezhitogo domashnego nasiliya u zhenschin i devochek [Elektronnyj resurs] [Deferred consequences of experienced domestic violence in women and girls]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and law], 2017. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 110—126. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2017/n3/87537.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
23. Klecina I.S., Ioffe E.V. Gendernyj podkhod v analize prichin proyavleniya nasiliya v blizkikh otnosheniyakh mezhdu muzhchinami i zhenschinami [Elektronnyi resurs] [Gender approach in analyzing the causes of violence in close relations between men and women]. Zhenschina v rossijskom obschestve [Woman in Russian society], 2015, no. 1(74), pp. 4—17. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gendernyy-podhod-v-analize-prichin-proyavleniya-nasiliya-v-blizkih-otnosheniyah-mezhdu-muzhchinami-i-zhenschinami (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
24. Kon I.S. Psikhologiya yunosheskogo vozrasta (Problemy formirovaniya lichnosti) [Psychology of youthful age (Problems of personality formation)]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1979. 175 p.
25. Laktionova M.A. Gendernoe nasilie kak mezhdisciplinarnaya problema [Gender-based violence as an interdisciplinary problem]. Vestnik Adygejskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Adygeyan state university], 2011, no. 1, pp. 97—106. (In Russ).
26. Lebedinskaya K.S., Lebedinskij V.V. Narusheniya psikhicheskogo razvitiya v detskom i podrostkovom vozraste [Violations of mental development in children and adolescence]. Moscow: Akademicheskii proekt, 2019. 303 p.
27. Lukovceva Z.V. K voprosu o strukture psikhologicheskikh posledstvij zhestokogo obrascheniya s nesovershennoletnimi [Elektronnyj resurs] [On the question of the structure of the psychological consequences of ill-treatment of minors]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and law], 2013, Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1—11. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2013/n1/58325.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
28. Makhnach A.V., Laktionova A.I. Zhiznesposobnost podrostka: ponyatie i koncepciya [Teenburg vitality: concept and concept]. In Psikhologiya adaptacii i socialnaya sreda: sovremennye podkhody, problemy, perspektivy [Psychology of adaptation and social environment: modern methods, problems, perspectives], 2007. Moscow: Institut psikhologii RAN, pp. 290—312. (In Russ).
29. Menovshikov V.Yu. Psikhologicheskoe konsultirovanie: rabota s krizisnymi i problemnymi situaciyami. Izdanie 2-e. [Psychological Counseling: Work with crisis and problematic situations]. Moscow: Smysl, 2005. 182 p.
30. Mullakhmetova N.E. Zhertvy prestuplenij s psikhicheskimi rasstrojstvami: viktimologicheskij i ugolovno-processualnyj aspekty [Victims of crimes with mental disorders: Victimological and criminal procedural aspects]. Viktimologiya [Victimology], 2017, no. 2 (12), pp. 46—50. (In Russ).
31. Nuckova E.V. Struktura psikhologicheskikh posledstvij seksualnogo nasiliya i zloupotrebleniya v otnoshenii detej i podrostkov [Elektronnyj resurs] [The structure of the psychological consequences of sexual violence and abuse against children and adolescents]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and law], 2016, no. 3, pp. 104—121. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2016/n3/82927.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
32. Padun M.A., Tarabrina N.V. Psikhicheskaya travma i bazisnye kognitivnye skhemy lichnosti [Mental injury and basic cognitive diagrams of personality]. Konsultativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya [Counceling psychology and psychotherapy], 2003, no. 1, pp. 121—141. (In Russ).
33. Perezhogin L.O., Dogadina M.A. Seksualnoe nasilie nad detmi. Vyyavlenie, profilaktika, reabilitaciya [Sexual violence against children. Identification, prevention, rehabilitation]. Voprosy yuvenalnoj yusticii [Juvenile justice issues], 2008, no. 4, pp. 2—8. (In Russ).
34. Puzanova Zh.V., Tertyshnikova A.G. Metod neokonchennykh predlozhenij v issledovanii socialnykh predstavlenij (na primere obraza terrorista) [The method of unfinished proposals in the study of social representations (on the example of the terrorist image)]. Teoriya i praktika obschestvennogo razvitiya [Theory and practice of social development], 2015, no. 4, pp. 12—15. (In Russ).
35. Rabota s malchikami i muzhchinami, postradavshimi ot seksualnogo i gendernogo nasiliya v usloviyakh prinuditelnogo peremescheniya [Work with boys and men who suffered from sexual and gender-based violence in the conditions of forced displacement]. Zheneva: UVKB OON, 2012. 13 p.
36. Retsya S.E. Osobennosti perezhivaniya opyta gendernogo nasiliya podrostkami s razlichnymi psikhicheskimi rasstrojstvami [Features of the experience of gender domestic violence with various mental disorders]. Sbornik Tezisov uchastnikov mezhvuzovskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj internet-konferencii po yuridicheskoj psikhologii 18-21 maya 2020 goda [Collection of abstracts of participants of the interuniversity scientific and practical online-conference on legal psychology]. Moscow, MGPPU, 2020. pp, 167—171.
37. Retsya S.E., Lukovceva Z.V. Otricanie gendernogo nasiliya: vvedenie v problemu [Elektronnyj resurs] [Decidence of gender violence: Introduction to the problem]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and law], 2019. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 85—95. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2019/n1/97338.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
38. Salagaev A.L., Shashkin A.V. Nasilie v molodezhnykh gruppirovkakh kak sposob konstruirovaniya maskulinnosti [Violence in youth groups as a method for constructing masculinity]. Zhurnal sociologii i socialnoj antropologii [Sociology and social anthropology magazine], 2002, no. 1, pp. 151—160. (In Russ).
39. Safuanov F.S., Kalashnikova A.S., Carkov A.E. Kliniko-psikhologicheskie faktory kriminalnoj agressii [Elektronnyi resurs] [Clinical and psychological factors of criminal aggression]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2017. Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 44—58. URL:  https://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2017/n4/88645_full.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
40. Stepanova I.B., Yavchunovskaya T.M. Podrostok i nasilie: problemy i fakty [Teen and Violence: Problems and Facts]. Vserossijskij kriminologicheskij zhurnal [All-Russian magazine of criminology], 2011, no. 4, pp. 50—55. (In Russ).
41. Sukhotina N.K. Psikhicheskoe zdorove detej i opredelyayuschie ego faktory [Mental health of children and determining its factors]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova [S.S. Korsakov’s magazine of neurology and psychiatry], 2013, no. 113(5), pp. 16—22. (In Russ).
42. Tarabrina N.V. Praktikum po psikhologii posttravmaticheskogo stressa: uchebnoe posobie [Workshop on psychology of post-traumatic stress: Tutorial]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2001. 272 p.
43. Tascheva A.I., Gridneva S.V. Vospriyatie detmi semejnogo nasiliya [Elektronnyi resurs] [Perception of domestic violence by children]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and Law], 2013, no. 1, pp. 1—11. URL:  http://psyjournals.ru/psyandlaw/2013/n1/58360.shtml (Accessed 01.09.2021). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
44. Filatov T.Yu. Sudebno-psikhiatricheskaya i viktimologicheskaya ocenka psikhicheskikh rasstrojstv u poterpevshikh [Forensic and psychiatric and victimological assessment of mental disorders from the victims]. Rossijskij psikhiatricheskij zhurnal [Russian magazine of psychiatry], 2009, no. 4, pp.12—19. (In Russ).
45. Erikson E.G. Identichnost: yunost i krizis [Identity: youth and crisis]. Tolstych А.V. (eds.). Moscow: Izdatel'skaya gruppa «Progress», 1996. 344 p.
46. Maercker A., Michael N., Fehm L., Becker E.S., Margraf J. Age of traumatisation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder or major depression in young women. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2004, Vol. 184, no. 6, pp. 482—487.
47. Stubbs-Richardson M., Rader N., Cosby A. Tweeting rape culture: Examining portrayals of victim blaming in discussions of sexual assault cases on Twitter. Feminism & Psychology, 2018, no. 1, pp. 90—108.