Диалогическое и диалектическое: квинтэссенция педагогики Выготского

В данной статье рассматривается использование понятий «диалогическое» и «диалектическое» с точки зрения развития направления в педагогике, которое вполне заслуженно можно было бы наименовать «выготскианским». Русское слово «обучение» часто переводится на английский как «instruction»; действительно, культурная нагрузка педагогики, построенной на передаче знаний, напоминает тот смысл обучения, который заключен в английском «instruction». Однако английский переводчик Давыдова полагает, что «teaching» или даже «teaching-learning» — более уместный вариант перевода для слова «обучение», поскольку охватывает сразу всю полноту деятельности педагога, нацеленную на умственное развитие и рост ребенка. Именно в основе этого очень «русского» понятия обучения лежит представление о диалектических процессах, олицетворяющих внутренние и межличностные диалоги. В данной статье предпринята попытка дать педагогическое обоснование подобного представления.

1. Abreu, G. and Elbers, E. (2005) The social mediation of learning in multiethnic schools: Introduction European Journal of Psychology of Education Vol. 20. № 1, pp. 3—11.
2. Alexander, R. (2004) Towards Dialogic Teaching: Rethinking classroom talk. Cambridge: Dialogos.
3. Alexandrov, V.E. (2000). Biology, semiosis, and cultural difference in Lotman's semiosphere. Comparative Literature, 52, 399—423.
4. Bakhtin, M.M. (1990) Art and Answerability: Early Philosophical Essays by M.M. Bakhtin, M. Holquist and V. Liapunov (eds.), Trans. and notes V. Liapunov Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
5. Bakhtin, M.M. (1986) Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Trans. Vern W. McGee. Ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. University of Texas Press Slavic Series.
6.  Austin: University of Texas Press. Bakhurst, D. (1995) 'Lessons from Ilyenkov', The Communication Review 1, 2: 155—178.
7. Bakhurst, D. and Sypnowich, C. (1995) Introduction in The Social Self. Inquiries in Social Construction, London: Sage.
8. Best, F. (1988) 'The metamorphoses of the term 'pedagogy', Prospects, XVIII, 2: 157—166.
9. Bruner, J.S. (1990) Acts of meaning, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.
10. Cazden, C.B. (1993) Vygotsky, Hymes and Bakhtin: 'From Word to Utterance and Voice', in E.A.
11. Forman, N. Minick, and C.A. Stone, (eds.) Contexts for learning: sociocultural dynamics in children's development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Cheyne, J.A. and Tarulli, D. (1999) 'Dialogue, Difference, and the "Third Voice", in the Zone of Proximal Development', Theory and Psychology 9, 5—28. Cole, M. (1996) Cultural Psychology: A once and future discipline, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.
13. Davies, B. (1994) 'On the neglect of pedagogy in educational studies and its consequences', British Journal of InService Education, 20, 1: 17—34.
14. Davydov, V.V. (1988) 'Problems of Developmental Teaching: the Experience of Theoretical and Experimental Psychological Research', Soviet Education xx, 8: 3—87, 9: 3— 56, 10:2—42.
15. Davydov, V.V. (1990) 'The Content and Unsolved Problems of Activity Theory, Paper presented 22 May 1990 at the 2nd International Congress on Activity theory, Lahti, Finland.
16. Davydov, V. (1995) 'The Influence of L.S. Vygotsky on Education Theory, Researchand Practice, Educational Researcher, 24: 12—21.
17. Farmer, F. (1995) Voice Reprised: Three Etudes for a Dialogic Understanding Rhetoric Review, Vol. 13, № 2, pp. 304—320.
18. Gibson, J.J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
19. Hedegaard, M. (1998) Situated Learning and Cognition: Theoretical Learning of Cognition', Mind Culture and Activity, 5,2: 114—126.
20. Hedegaard, M., Chaiklin, S. (1990) Review of Davydov. V.V. (1986). Quarterly newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, October 1990. 12, 4: 153—154.
21. Hicks, D. (1999). Self and other in Bakhtin's early philosophical essays: Prelude to a theory of prose consciousness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the AERA, Montreal, Canada. 22. Ivic, I. (1989) 'Profiles of Educators: Lev S. Vygotsky (1896—1934)', Prospects, XIX, 3: 427—436.
22. Knox, J.E. and Stevens, C. (1993) 'Vygotsky and Soviet Russian Defectology An introduction to Vygotsky', L.S. (1993) The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky, 2, Problems of abnormal psychology and learning disabilities, New York: Plenum Press.
23. Kozulin, A. (1998) Psychological Tools. A sociocultural approach to education, Harvard University Press. London.
24. Kozulin, A. (1996) A literary model for psychology. In D. Hicks (Ed.), Discourse, Learning, and Schooling (pp. 145—164). New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Kozulin, A. (1990) Vygotsky's Psychology: A Biography of ideas, London: Harvester.
26. Leander, K. (2002) Locating Latanya: The situated production of identity artifacts in classroom interaction. Research inthe Teaching of English, 37, 198—250.
27. Lotman, Y.M. (1990) Universe of the mind. A semiotic theory of culture (A. Shukman, Trans.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
28. Lotman, Y. (1994) Text within a text. Publications of the Modern Language Association, 109, 377—384.
29. Maybin, J. (1999) Framing and evaluation in 10—12 year old school children's use of appropriated speech, in relation to their induction into educational procedures and practices'. in TEXT Vol. 19 (4), pp. 459—484.
30. Mercer, N. (2000) Words and Minds: how we use language to thinking together.London: Routledge.
31. Middleton, D. & Brown, S.D. (2005) The Social Psychology of Experience: Studies in Remembering and Forgetting, Sage Publications, London.
32. Minick, N. (1987) 'The Development of Vygotsky's thought: an introduction', in R.W. Rieber and A.S. Carton (eds,) The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky, 1, New York: Plenum Press. Moll, L.C. (1990) 'Introduction' L.C. Moll (ed.) Vygotsky and Education. Instructional Implications and Applications of Sociohistorical Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Prawat R.S. (1999) 'Cognitive theory at the crossroads: Head fitting, head splitting, or somewhere in between?', Human Development 42,2: 59—77.
34. Riegel, K.F. (1976) 'The Dialectics of Human Development', American Psychologist October, 689—700.
35. Sameroff, A.J. (1980) 'Development and the Dialectic: the Need for a Systems Approach' in W.A. Collins (ed.) The Concept of Development — Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology 15: 83 —103.
36. Simon, B. (1985) 'Why no pedagogy in England' in B. Simon Does Education matter? London: Lawrence and Wishart.
37. Sutton, A. (1980) 'Backward Children in the USSR: an Unfamiliar Approach to a Familiar Problem', in J. Brine, M. Perrie, and A. Sutton, (eds.) Home,School and Leisure in the Soviet Union, London: George Allen and Unwin.
38. Van der Veer, R. and Valsiner, J. (1991) Understanding Vygotsky: A quest for synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell.
39. Vygotsky, L.S. (1993). The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky: The fundamentals of defectology: Abnormal psychology and learning disabilities. (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press. (Original work 1928—1933).
40. Vygotsky, L.S. (1997). Educational psychology. Boca Raton, FL: Saint Lucie Press. (Original work 1921—1923).
41. Vygotsky, L.S. (1987). The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky: Problems of general psychology. (Vol.1). New York: Plenum Press. (Original work 1933—1934).
42. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978) Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes, M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner and E. Souberman, (eds. and trans.), Harvard University Press.
43. Wartofsky, M. (1973) Models, Dordecht: D. Reide.
44. Wegerif, R. (2007) From Dialectic to Dialogic: A response to Wertsch and Kazak In T.Koschmann (ed.) Theorizing learning practice. Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum.
45. Wells, G. (1999) Dialogic inquiry: Toward a sociocultural practice and theory of Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Wertsch, J.V. (2007) Mediation in H. Daniels, M. Cole, & J.V. Wertsch, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Vygotsky. New York: Cambridge University Press.
47. Wertsch, J.V. (1991) Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48. Wertsch, J.V. (1998). Mind as action. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Wertsch, J.V. (еd.) (1985a). Culture, communication, and cognition: Vigotskian perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
50. Wertsch, J.V. (1985b) The semiotic mediation of mental life: L S Vygotsky and M. M. Bakhtin. In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives, edited by Elizabeth Mertz and Richard A Parmentier. New York: Academic Press.
51. Wertsch, J.V. and Kazak, S. (2007) Saying More than You Know in Instructional Settings In T. Koschmann (ed.) Theorizing learning practice. Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum.
52. Wertsch, J. & Toma, C. (1995). Discourse and learning in the classroom: A sociocultural approach. In L. Steffe & J. Gale (Eds.), Constructivism in education (pp. 159—174). Hillsdale, N. J.: LEA.
53. Wertsch, J.V., Tulviste, P. and Hagstrom F. (1993) 'A Sociocultural Approach to Agency', in E.A., Forman, N., Minick, and C.A. Stone, (eds.) Contexts for learning: sociocultural dynamics in children's development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Wozniak, R.H. (1975) 'A Dialectic Paradigm for Psychological Research: Implications Drawn from the History of Psychology in the Soviet Union', Human Development 18: 18—34.