Религиозное и духовное совладание. Обзор западных исследований ¹⁰²⁷

Статья посвящена знакомству с западными исследованиями духовного и религиозного совладания. Рассматриваются основные категории, концептуальные модели и результаты эмпирических исследований данного направления. Для отечественной психологической теории в статье дан образец методологически зрелой области, которая способна обогатить аппарат исследований в поле психологии религии и психологии совладающего поведения. Для психологической практики — научно обоснованный взгляд на связь духовных и религиозных феноменов и их участие в переживании человеком критических ситуаций. Делаются выводы и обсуждаются дальнейшие перспективы исследований и развитие данного направления в России.

Ключевые слова: духовное совладание, религиозное совладание, духовная борьба, психология религии, психология переживания, совладающее поведение

Рубрика: Христианская психология и психотерапия

Тип: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2015230507

«В окопах не бывает атеистов» — эту меткую фразу, родившуюся во время Второй мировой войны, непросто оспорить даже с помощью научного исследования [Wansink, Wansink 2013]. Еще труднее спорить с тем, что подавляющее большинство людей во времена кризиса, когда кажется, что уже ничего невозможно исправить, обращаются к сфере духовного и религии.

1. Бусыгина Н.П. Методология качественных исследований в психологии. М.: ИНФРА-М, 2013. 304 с.
2. Василюк Ф.Е. Психология переживания (анализ преодоления критических ситу- аций). М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1984. 200 с.
3. Василюк Ф.Е. Переживание и молитва (опыт общепсихологического исследова- ния). М.: Смысл, 2005. 191 c.
4. Василюк Ф.Е. Типы духовного совладания // Консультативная психология и пси- хотерапия. 2014. № 5. С. 139—151.
5. Журавлев А.Л. Психология совместной деятельности. М.: Ин-т психологии РАН, 2005. 640 с.
6. Зенько Ю.М. Христианская антропология и психология в лицах. Основные ав- торы и работы с древнехристианского периода по настоящее время. Библио- графический справочник. СПб.: Речь, 2009. 192 с.
7. Райкрофт Ч. Критический словарь психоанализа / пер. с англ. Л.В. Топоровой, С.В. Воронина и И.Н. Гвоздева; под ред. С.М. Черкасова. СПб.: Восточно- Европейский Институт Психоанализа, 1995. 288 с. URL: http://vocabulary.ru/ dictionary/12/word/religija (дата обращения: 21.09.2015).
8. Рассказова Е.И., Гордеева Т.О. Копинг-стратегии в психологии стресса: подхо- ды, методы и перспективы // Психологические исследования. 2011. № 3(17). URL: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2011n3-17/493-rasskazova-gordeeva17. html (дата обращения: 20.09.2015).
9. Хоружий С.С. К феноменологии аскезы. М.: Изд-во гуманитарной литературы, 1998. 352 с.
10. Ai A. L., Peterson C., Huang B. The effect of religious spiritual coping on positive at- titudes of adult Muslim refugees from Kosovo and Bosnia // The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2003. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 29—47. doi:10.1207/ S15327582IJPR1301_04
11. Ai A.L., Wink P., Tice T.N., Bolling S.F., Shearer M. Prayer and reverence in naturalistic, aesthetic, and socio-moral contexts predicted fewer complications following coro- nary artery bypass // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 32. № 6. P. 570— 581.   doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9228-1
12. Ano G.G., Vasconcelles E.B. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-anal- ysis // Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 61. № 4. P. 461—480. doi:10.1002/jclp.20049 Bell-Meisenhelder J., Marcum J.P. Responses of clergy to 9/11: Posttraumatic stress, coping, and religious outcomes // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2004. Vol. 43 (4). P. 547—554.
13. Benore E., Pargament K.I., Pendleton S. An initial examination of religious coping in children with asthma // The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2008. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 267—290. doi:10.1080/10508610802229197
14. Bergan A., McConatha J.T. Religiosity and life satisfaction // Activities, Adaptation and Aging. 2000. Vol. 24(3). P. 23—34. doi:10.1300/J016v24n03_02
15. Bhui K., King M., Dein S., O’Connor W. (2008). Ethnicity and religious coping with mental distress // Journal of Mental Health. 2008. Vol. 17(2). P. 141—151. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230701498408
16. Borras L., Mohr S., Brandt P.Y., Gillieron C., Eytan A., Huguelet P. Religious beliefs in schizophrenia: Their relevance for adherence to treatment // Schizophrenia Bul- letin. 2007. Vol. 33(5). P. 1238—1246. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl070
17. Braam A.W., Schaap-Jonker H., Mooi B., de Ritter D., Beekman A.T.F., Deeg D.J.H. God image and mood in old age: Results from a community-based pilot study in the Netherlands // Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2008. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 221— 237.  doi:10.1080/13674670701245274
18. Brelsford G.M., Mahoney A. Spiritual disclosure between older adolescents and their mothers // Journal of Family Psychology. 2008. Vol. 22(1). P. 62—70. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.62 Bushman B.J., Ridge R.D., Das E., Key C.W., Busath G.L. When God sanctions kill- ing: Effects of scriptural violence on aggression // Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18(3). P. 204—207.
19. Cole B.S. Spiritually-focused psychotherapy for people diagnosed with cancer: A pilot outcome study // Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2005. Vol. 8. № 3. P. 217— 226.  doi:10.1080/13694670500138916
20. Cole B.S., Hopkins C.M., Tisak, J., Steel L., Carr B.I. (2008). Assessing spiritual growth and spiritual decline following a diagnosis of cancer: reliability and validity of the spiritual transformation scale // Psycho-Oncology. 2008. Vol. 17. № 2. P. 112—121. doi:10.1002/pon.1207
21. Dew R.E., Daniel S.S., Goldston D.B, McCall W.V., Kuchibhatla M., Schleifer C., et al. A prospective study of religion/spirituality and depressive symptoms among adoles- cent psychiatric patients // Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010. Vol. 120. № 1—3. P. 149—157. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.029
22. Dull V.T., Skokan L.A. A cognitive model of religion’s influence on health // Journal of Social Issues. 1995. Vol. 51(2). P. 49—64. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01323.x
23. Ellison C.W. Spiritual well-being: conceptualization and measurement // Journal of Psychology and Theology. 1983. Vol. 11 (Winter 1983). P. 330—340.
24. Exline J.J., Kaplan K.J., Grubbs J.B. Anger, exit, and assertion: Do people see protest toward God as morally acceptable? // Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2012. Vol. 4 (4). P. 264—277. doi:10.1037/a0027667
25. Exline J.J., Rose E.D. Religious and spiritual struggles // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 379—397.
26. Gall T.L., Cornblat M.W. Breast cancer survivors give voice: A qualitative analysis of spiritual factors in long-term adjustment // Psycho-Oncology. 2002. Vol. 11. № 6. P. 524—535. doi:10.1002/pon.613
27. Gall T.L., Guirguis-Younger M. Religious and spiritual coping: Current theory and re- search // APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / ed. by K.I. Pargament, J.J. Exline, J.W. Jones. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. P. 349—364. doi:10.1037/14045-019
28. Gall T.L., Charbonneau C., Clarke N.H., Grant K., Joseph A., Shouldice L. Understand- ing the nature and role of spirituality in relation to coping and health: A conceptual framework // Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne. 2005. Vol. 46 (2). P. 88—104. doi:10.1037/h0087008
29. Gillum T.L., Sullivan C.M., Bybee D.I. The importance of spirituality in the lives of do- mestic violence survivors // Violence Against Women. 2006. Vol. 12(3). P. 240—250. doi:10.1177/1077801206286224
30. Hall T.W., Edwards K.J. The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A theistic model and mea- sure for assessing spiritual development // Journal for the Scientific Study of Reli- gion. 2002. Vol. 41. № 2. P. 341—357. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00121
31. Hall T.W., Fujikawa A. God images and the sacred // APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / ed. by K.I. Pargament, J.J. Exline, J.W. Jones. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. P. 277—292. doi:10.1037/14045-015
32. Harrison M.O., Koenig H.G., Hays J.C., Eme-Akwari A.G., Pargament K.I. The epide- miology of religious coping: A review of recent literature // International Review of Psychiatry. 2001. Vol. 13. № 2. P. 86—93.
33. Hays J.C., Meador K.G., Branch P.S., George L.K. The history of religion and spiritual- ity scale in four dimensions (HRSS-4): Validity and reliability // The Gerontologist. 2001.Vol. 41(2). P. 239—241. doi:10.1093/geront/41.2.239
34. Hill P.C. Measurement assessment and issues in the psychology if religion and spiri- tuality // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 48—73.
35. Hill P.C., Pargament K.I. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of reli- gion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research // Ameri- can Psychologist. 2003. Vol. 58(1). P. 64—74. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
36. Hill P.C., Hood R.W.Jr. Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1999.
37. Hood R.W.Jr., Belzen J.A. Research Methods in the Psychology of Religion and Spiri- tuality // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 75—92.
38. Hook J.N., Worthington Jr. E.L., Davis D.E., Jennings D.J., Gartner A.L., Hook J.P. Em- pirically supported religious and spiritual therapies // Journal of clinical psychology. 2010. Vol. 66(1). P. 46—72.
39. Idler E.L, Ellison C.G., George L.K., Krause N., Levin J., Ory M., Pargament K., Pow- ell L., Williams D., Gordon L., Musick M.A. Measuring multiple dimensions of reli- gion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey // Research on Aging. 2003. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 327—365.  doi:10.1177/0164027503025004001
40. Johnstone B., Glass B.A., Oliver R.E. Religion and disability: Clinical, research, and training considerations for rehabilitation professionals // Disability and Rehabilita- tion. 2007. Vol. 29(15). P. 1153—1163. doi:10.1080/09638280600955693
41. Kirkpatrick L.A. Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press, 2005. 400 p.
42. Koenig H.G., McCullough M.E., Larson D.B. Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001 Koenig H.G., Pargament K.I., Nielsen J. Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults // The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998. Vol. 186(9). P. 513—521. doi:10.1097/00005053-199809000-00001
43. Kooistra W.P., Pargament K.I. Religious doubting in parochial school adolescents // Journal of Psychology and Theology. 1999. Vol. 27(1). P. 33—42.
44. Krause N., Ellison C.G., Wulff K.M. Church-based emotional support, negative interaction, and psychological well-being: Findings from a national sample of Presbyterians // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1998. Vol. 37. № 4. P. 725—741. doi:10.2307/1388153
45. Krumrei E.J. Demonization as a spiritual struggle with divorce: Prevalence rates and links to post-divorce adjustment // Family Relations. 2011. Vol. 60. № 1. P. 90—103. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00635.x
46. Levin J.S., Taylor R.J., Chatters L.M. Race and gender differences in religiosity among older adults: Findings from four national surveys // Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 1994. Vol. 49(3). P. S137—S145. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.3.s137
47. Martin A.M. Exploring forgiveness: The relationship between feeling forgiven by God and self-forgiveness for an interpersonal offense (Unpublished doctoral disserta- tion). Case Western Reserve University. 2008.
48. Maton K.I. The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospec- tive investigations // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1989. Vol. 28. № 3 (Sep). P. 310—323. doi:10.2307/1386742
49. McCullough M.E., Hoyt W.T., Larson D.B., Koenig H.G., Thoresen C. Religious involve- ment and mortality: A meta-analytic review // Health Psychology. 2000. V. 19(3). P. 211—222. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.211
50. McIntosh D.N., Silver R.C., Wortman C.B. Religion’s role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child // Journal of Personality and Social Psychol- ogy. 1993. Vol. 65(4). P. 812—821. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.812
51. Molock S.D., Puri R., Matlin S., Barksdale C. Relationship between religious coping and suicidal behaviors among African American adolescents // Journal of Black Psy- chology. 2006. Vol. 32. № 3. P. 366—389. doi:10.1177/0095798406290466
52. Moriarty G., Hoffman M. God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychother- apy: Research, theory, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press, 2007. 320 p.
53. Oman D. Defining Religion and Spirituality // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 22—46.
54. Paloutzian R.F., Park C.L. Recent Progress and Core Issues in the Science of the Psy- chology of Religion and Spirituality // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 3—21. Pargament K.I. (2013a). The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory. Re- search and Practice // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013a. P. 560—578.
55. Pargament K.I. (2013b). Searching for the sacred: Toward a nonreductionistic theory of spirituality // APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / ed. by K.I. Pargament. Washington: Ameri- can Psychological Association, 2013b. P. 257—273.
56. Pargament K.I. Lecture: Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge // In- vited paper in honor of Susan Folkman at University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, 2009, September. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3- g5fLmwQI (дата обращения: 25.08.2015).
57. Pargament K.I., Sweeney P.J. Building spiritual fitness in the Army: An innovative ap- proach to human development // American Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 66(1). P. 58— 64.  doi:10.1037/a0021657
58. Pargament K.I., Kennell J., Hathaway W., Grevengoed N., Newman J., Jones W. Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1988. Vol. 27. №1 (Mar). P. 90—104. doi:10.2307/1387404
59. Pargament K.I., Koenig H.G., Perez L. The many methods of religious coping: Develop- ment and initial validation of the RCOPE // Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000. Vol. 56. № 4. P. 519—543.
60. Pargament K., Feuille M., Burdzy D. The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric sta- tus of a short measure of religious coping // Religions. 2011. Vol. 2(1). P. 51—76. doi:10.3390/rel2010051
61. Park C.L. Religion and Meaning // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 356—377.
62. Phelps A.C., Maciejewski P.K., Nilsson M., Balboni T.A., Wright A.A., Paulk M.E., et al. Religious coping and use of intensive life prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer // Journal of American Medical Association. 2009. Vol. 301(11). P. 1140—1147. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.341
63. Phillips R.E., Stein C.H. God’s will, God’s punishment, or God’s limitations? Religious coping strategies reported by young adults living with serious mental illness // Jour- nal of Clinical Psychology. 2007. Vol. 63. № 6. P. 529—540. doi:10.1002/jclp.20364
64. Phillips R.E., Cheng C.M., Pargament K.I., Oemig C., Colvin S.D., Aarr A.N. et al. Spiritual coping in American Buddhists: An exploratory study // The Interna- tional Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2009. Vol. 19. № 4. P. 231—243. doi:10.1080/10508610903143263
65. Powell L.H., Shahabi L., Thoresen C.E. Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health // American Psychologist. 2003 (Jan). Vol. 58(1). P. 36—52. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.36 Raiya H.A., Pargament K.I., Mahoney A., Stein C. A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity // The Inter- national Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2008. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 291—315. doi:10.1080/10508610802229270
66. Roff L.L., Durkin D., Sun F., Klemmack D.L. Widowhood, religiousness, and self-as- sessed well-being among older adults // Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging. 2007. Vol. 19(4). P. 43—59. doi:10.1300/J496v19n04_04
67. Rosmarin D.H., Pargament K.I., Krumrei E.J., Flannelly K.J. Religious coping among Jews: Development and initial validation of the JCOPE // Journal of Clinical Psy- chology. 2009. Vol. 65. № 7. P. 670—683. doi:10.1002/jclp.20574
68. Schuster M.A., Stein B.D., Jaycox L.H., Collins R.L., Marshall G.N., Elliott M.N., et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist at- tacks // New England Journal of Medicine. 2001. Vol. 345. № 20. P. 1507—1512. doi:10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
69. Shafranske E.P. Addresing Religiousness and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: Advancing Evidence-Based Practice // Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 594—614.
70. Sherman A.C., Plante T.G., Simonton S., Latif U., Anaissie E.J. Prospective study of re- ligious coping among patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 32. № 1. P. 118—128. doi:10.1007/ s10865-008-9179-y
71. Shrimali S., Broota K.D. Effect of surgical stress on beliefs in God and superstition: An in situ investigation // Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies. 1987. № 3. P. 135—138. Smith T.B., McCullough M.E., Poll J. Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events // Psychological Bulletin. 2003. Vol. 129(4). P. 614—636. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
72. Sorajjakool S., Aja V., Chilson B., Ramírez-Johnson J., Earll A. Disconnection, depres- sion, and spirituality: A study of the role of spirituality and meaning in the lives of individuals with severe depression // Pastoral Psychology. 2008. Vol. 56. № 5. P. 521—532. doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0125-2
73. Tarakeshwar N., Pargament K.I., Mahoney A. Initial development of a measure of re- ligious coping among Hindus // Journal of Community Psychology. 2003. Vol. 31. № 6. P. 607—628. doi:10.1002/jcop.10071
74. Thompson M.P., Vardaman P.J. The role of religion in coping with the loss of a family member to homicide // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1997. Vol. 36(1). P. 44—51. doi:10.2307/1387881
75. Tix A.P., Frazier P.A. The use of religious coping during stressful life events: main effects, moderation, and mediation // Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1998. Vol. 66(2). P. 411—422. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.411
76. Wansink B., Wansink C.S. Are there atheists in foxholes? Combat intensity and reli- gious behavior // Journal of religion and health. 2013. Vol. 52(3). P. 768—779. doi:10.1007/s10943-013-9733-y
77. Wink P., Dillon M., Larsen B. Religion as moderator of the depression-health connection: Findings from a longitudinal study // Research on Aging / 2005 / Vol. 27(2). P. 197—220. Wood B.T., Worthington E.L. Jr., Exline J.J., Yali A.M., Aten J.D., McMinn M.R. Devel- opment, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes toward God Scale (ATGS-9) // Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2010. Vol. 2(3). P. 148—167. doi:10.1037/a0018753
78. Yangarber-Hicks N. Religious coping styles and recovery from serious mental illness // Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2004 (Winter). Vol. 32. № 4. P. 305—317.