Клиническая и специальная психология
2022. Том 11. № 4. С. 30–69
doi:10.17759/cpse.2022110402
ISSN: 2304-0394 (online)
Нетерпимость к неопределенности и трудности принятия решений у взрослых людей с высокофункциональным аутизмом
Аннотация
Взрослые люди с высокофункциональным аутизмом испытывают трудности с принятием решений в условиях неполноты и неоднозначности информации, в частности, в контексте социального взаимодействия. Необходимость быстрого ответа или отступления от привычного распорядка вызывает у них чрезмерную тревогу, ограничивающую их социальную и профессиональную активность. Попытки замаскировать для окружающих свою консервативность являются одним из факторов риска по развитию у них коморбидной депрессии. С другой стороны, стремление к постоянству и ясности может давать людям с аутизмом преимущества при длительном выполнении монотонных задач. Цель настоящего обзора состоит в том, чтобы рассмотреть эти симптомы в рамках подхода прогностического кодирования информации. Данные ряда экспериментов свидетельствуют о том, что у испытуемых с аутизмом затруднен процесс прогнозирования последствий на основе обобщенного опыта своего взаимодействия с окружающей средой, а также обновления ожиданий по мере поступления новых свидетельств. Можно предполагать, что эти особенности анализа и прагматической оценки информации лежат в основе характерной для большинства людей с аутизмом нетерпимости к неопределенности и избеганию новизны.
Общая информация
Ключевые слова: расстройства аутистического спектра, высокофункциональный аутизм, принятие решений, метакогнитивные функции, социальная мотивация, восприятие, прогностическая модель, среда
Рубрика издания: Теоретические исследования
Тип материала: научная статья
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2022110402
Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (РНФ) в рамках научного проекта № 20-18-00252.
Получена: 05.06.2022
Принята в печать:
Для цитаты: Козунова Г.Л., Новиков А.Ю., Строганова Т.А., Чернышев Б.В. Нетерпимость к неопределенности и трудности принятия решений у взрослых людей с высокофункциональным аутизмом [Электронный ресурс] // Клиническая и специальная психология. 2022. Том 11. № 4. С. 30–69. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2022110402
Полный текст
Введение
Симптомы РАС во взрослом возрасте и стратегии их маскировки
Трудности взрослых людей с РАС в профессиональной и социальной жизни
Распознавание и понимание внутренних состояний других людей
Формирование прогностической модели среды и стратегия принятия решений
Метакогнитивные способности
Нетерпимость к неопределенности
- При повышенном пороге сенсорной чувствительности и активной стратегии саморегуляции наблюдается поведение, направленное на поиск желанных ощущений (sensory seeking), например, продолжительное рассматривание предмета под разными углами зрения.
- Если повышенный сенсорный порог сочетается с пассивной стратегией саморегуляции, человек как бы не замечает сигналов из окружающей обстановки (low registration): например, ребенок не реагирует на обращенную к нему речь, будто не слышит ее.
- При сниженном сенсорном пороге и пассивной стратегии саморегуляции наблюдается сенсорная гиперчувствительность, когда некоторые обычные по интенсивности стимулы воспринимаются как болезненные и раздражающие. Это может провоцировать у ребенка агрессию и неконтролируемые аффективные вспышки, которые нередко кажутся окружающим беспричинными.
- При сниженном сенсорном пороге и активной стратегии саморегуляции ребенок заранее избегает потенциально болезненных стимулов.
Заключение
[1] По крайней мере, это касается спектра проблем по типу интернализации (беспокойства, компульсивного поведения, страхов, дисфории, ангедонии, дистресса, суицидальных намерений, расстройств пищевого поведения, сексуальности и сна) и в меньшей степени применимо к расстройствам мышления (бред, дезориентация) и к симптомам экстернализации (агрессии, паранойе, жестокости, импульсивности, использованию наркотиков, склонности к риску).
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